140,341
edits
Old Nurian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m
→Morphology
m (→Phonology) |
m (→Morphology) |
||
| Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- | ===Nouns and adjectives=== | ||
<poem> | |||
<!-- | Old !Zoom evolved from Primitive !Zoom via syncope, umlaut and resulting clusters becoming clicks. Only nasal+C clusters are allowed in Old Zoom; it also has a distinctive Old Irish-like stress pattern. | ||
Nouns and adjectives in Old Zoom: | |||
Like Primitive !Zoom, Old !Zoom is a fusional language with Austronesian alignment. Nouns and adjectives have two numbers, singular and plural, and three cases: direct, indirect and "genitive" (used after prepositions). | |||
Construct state is used for possessive noun phrases, which are head-initial; unusually, case is marked on the LAST noun in a construct noun phrase. | |||
Case is often marked by a definite article which triggers mutations on the noun, as in Irish. There are two kinds of mutations: click mutation, nasal mutation and h-prothesis (h-prothesis only occurs in vowel-initial words). | |||
Adjectives agree with nouns in the kind of mutation that they take. | |||
(Note: A buffer [ə] may be added between two clicks.) | |||
A masculine noun: pódŋh /po:ŋ!ʰ/ "stone" | |||
Singular: | |||
dir: pódŋh /po:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkha /'po:nkʰa/ | |||
ind: pődŋh /pø:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkhi /'po:nkʰi/ | |||
gen: pódŋh-N /po:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkhaŋ /'po:nkʰaŋ/ | |||
const: pődŋh-H /pø:ŋ!ʰ/ < pônkhih /'po:nkʰah/ | |||
Plural: | |||
dir: pódŋha-C /'po:ŋ!ʰa/ < pônkhâk | |||
ind: pódŋhe-C /'po:ŋ!ʰe/ < pônkhêk | |||
gen: pódŋhi /'po:ŋ!ʰi/ < pônkhai | |||
const: pódŋhu /'po:ŋ!ʰu/ < pônkhau | |||
A feminine noun: tíjŋ = a species of songbird | |||
Singular: | |||
dir: tíjŋ-C /ti:ŋǂ/ < tîŋičak | |||
ind: tíjŋ-H /ti:ŋǂ/ < tîŋičah | |||
gen: tíjŋa /'ti:ŋǂa/ < tîŋičâ | |||
const: tíjŋe /'ti:ŋǂe/ < tîŋičê | |||
Plural: | |||
dir: tíjŋa-N /'ti:ŋǂa/ < tîŋičâŋ | |||
ind: tíjŋe-N /'ti:ŋǂe/ < tîŋičêŋ | |||
gen: tíjŋi /'ti:ŋǂi/ < tîŋičai | |||
const: tíjŋu /'ti:ŋǂu/ < tîŋičau | |||
With a definite article and an adjective this becomes: | |||
(Masculine example: ca pódŋh dún "the good stone") | |||
Singular: | |||
dir: ca pódŋh dún /tsa po:ŋ!ʰ(ə) du:n/ < ca pônkha dûnu | |||
ind: ci pődŋh dún /tsi pø:ŋ!ʰ(ə) du:n/ < ci pônkhi dûnu | |||
gen: ci bódŋh nún /tsi bo:ŋ!ʰ(ə) nu:n/ < caŋ pônkhaŋ dûnuŋ | |||
const: pődŋh dún /pø:ŋ!ʰ(ə) du:n/ < pônkhih dûnuh | |||
Plural: | |||
dir: kha pkódŋha dgúnu /kʰa 'ʘo:ŋ!ʰa 'g!u:nu/ < khak pônkhâk dûnûk | |||
ind: khi pkódŋhe dgúnu /kʰe 'ʘo:ŋ!ʰe 'g!u:nu/ < khik pônkhêk dûnûk | |||
gen: khi pódŋhi dúni /kʰi 'po:ŋ!ʰi 'g!u:ni/ khai pônkhai dûnai | |||
const: pódŋhu dúnu /'po:ŋ!ʰu 'g!u:nu/ pônkhau dûnau | |||
(Feminine example: ca tkíjŋ dgún "the good tíjŋ") | |||
Singular: | |||
dir: ca tkíjŋ dgún /tsa !i:ŋǂ(ə) g!u:n/ < cak tîŋičak dûnuk | |||
ind: ca tíjŋ dún /tsa ti:ŋǂ(ə) du:n/ < cah tîŋičah dûnuh | |||
gen: ca tíjŋa dúnu /tsa 'ti:ŋǂa 'du:nu/ < câ tîŋičâ dûnû | |||
const: ce tíjŋe dúnu /tse 'ti:ŋǂe 'du:nu/ < cê tîŋičê dûnû | |||
Plural: | |||
dir: kha díjŋa núnu /kʰa 'di:ŋǂa nu:nu/ < khaŋ tîŋičâŋ dûnûŋ | |||
ind: khi díjŋe núnu /kʰe 'ʘo:ŋ!ʰe nu:nu/ < khiŋ tîŋičêŋ dûnûŋ | |||
gen: khi tíjŋi dúnu /kʰi 'po:ŋ!ʰi g!u:ni/ < khai tîŋičai dûnû | |||
const: tíjŋu dúnu /'po:ŋ!ʰu g!u:nu/ < tîŋičau dûnû | |||
</poem> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||