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Usually Old Pomorian refers to a period from the VIIth to the late XIIIth centuries. During it Old Pomorian was spoken on a large territory of Northern Poland and South-Western Prussia. | Usually Old Pomorian refers to a period from the VIIth to the late XIIIth centuries. During it Old Pomorian was spoken on a large territory of Northern Poland and South-Western Prussia. | ||
[[File:POMORZE_XII.png|450px|thumb|left|The area marked in green represents Pomorian majority on the territory in the XIIth-XIIIth centuries]] | [[File:POMORZE_XII.png|450px|thumb|left|The area marked in green represents Pomorian majority on the territory in the XIIth-XIIIth centuries]] | ||
==Homeland and migration== | |||
The history of Old Pomorian starts in the VIIth century during the [[w:Migration Period|Migration Period]]. Back then Pomorians lived in Polesie which is now the territory of South-Western Belarus and Eastern Poland. The ancestors of modern Pomorian people were also Baltic tribes, particularly Baltic Prussians. | |||
The exact route of migration is not clear, however it is when a contact with Prussians started, so Pomorians probably headed north first (approximately Vth-VIth centuries) and then they moved to the west, where their current land is. Many Prussian loanwords entered the language during this time. The separation of Western and Eastern branches happened right after the migration had finnished with later mixing between them and creating other dialects. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
Here the Pomorian phonology of the XII century is represented. Some specific sound changes have not occured yet making the language more similar to its Baltic neighbours than to closer Slavic relatives. | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
The consonant inventory was a bit smaller. Palatalization of velars only began in the Eastern dialect, and many other palatals were still sequences of dentals and "j" sound. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Consonants | |||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="1" | Labial | |||
! rowspan="1" | Dental | |||
! rowspan="1" | Palato-alveolar | |||
! rowspan="1" | Velar | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Nasal | |||
| m | |||
| n̪ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Plosive | |||
! {{small| voiceless}} | |||
| p | |||
| t̪ | |||
| | |||
| k | |||
|- | |||
! {{small| voiced}} | |||
| b | |||
| d̪ | |||
| | |||
| g | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Affricate | |||
! {{small| voiceless}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| (t͡ɕ) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! {{small| voiced}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| (d͡ʑ) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Fricative | |||
! {{small|voiceless}} | |||
| | |||
| s̪ | |||
| (ɕ) | |||
| x | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|voiced}} | |||
| | |||
| z̪ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Trill | |||
| | |||
| r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Approximant | |||
| w | |||
| l | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Note:''' | |||
* /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ sounds appeared as allophones before front vowels at that time only in Eastern dialect, while in Western one they probably stayed as /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ respectively, while the /ɕ/ sound was in every dialect (but has a different outcome in each group). | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
The system of vowels was symmetric in Old Pomorian meaning that all the vowels could be either long or short. During this period the language completely lacked the /o/ sound, typical in modern Pomorian, but it appeared near the end of the XIII century, then turning into /uo/ in Western dialect and later in the rest except Eastern and South-Eastern where it preserved as /oː/ | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Long vowels | |||
! | |||
! colspan="1" | Front || colspan="1" | Back | |||
|- | |||
! Close | |||
| i: || u: | |||
|- | |||
! Open-mid | |||
| ɛ:~æ: | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| | |||
| ɑː | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Short vowels | |||
! | |||
! Front||| Back | |||
|- | |||
! Close | |||
| i || u | |||
|- | |||
! Open-mid | |||
| ɛ~æ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| | |||
| ɑ | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
* /ɑ/ and its long counterpart /ɑː/ could possibly be central rather than back. However it is disputed. | |||
* It is not known, whether Old Pomorian had nasal vowels or they were sequences of an oral vowel and a nasal consonant. Even nowadays in modern Western dialects nasal vowels do not appear after stops. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Diphthongs | |||
! | |||
! i || u || l || m || n || r | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| ei | |||
| jau | |||
| el | |||
| em | |||
| en | |||
| er | |||
|- | |||
! ē | |||
| ēi | |||
| (jāu) | |||
| ēl | |||
| ēm | |||
| ēn | |||
| ēr | |||
|- | |||
! a | |||
| ai | |||
| au | |||
| al | |||
| am | |||
| an | |||
| ar | |||
|- | |||
! ā | |||
| āi | |||
| āu | |||
| āl | |||
| ām | |||
| ān | |||
| ār | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| il | |||
| im | |||
| in | |||
| ir | |||
|- | |||
! u | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ul | |||
| um | |||
| un | |||
| ur | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
* All diphthongs could be either descending (with an acute intonation) and long or ascending (with a circumflex intonation) and short. | |||
* The ''jāu'' diphthong is not directly attested. | |||
* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut. | |||
===Prosody=== | |||
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be very similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex, but it is not accepted whether acute was the falling and circumflex - the rising accent. According to the newest data and | |||
[[Category:Pamarėska]] | [[Category:Pamarėska]] | ||