Behru cesik: Difference between revisions

[[File:Behruname.jpg|thumb|Béhru cesik shúune viine yoone hok.]]

|-

! scope="col"|o,u

! scope="col"|become ow,w

|-

|-

! scope="col"|e,i

! scope="col"|become ezh,zh

|-

! scope="col"|when followed by any vowel

! scope="col"|dissapears

|}

====Tone Sandhi====

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===Endings added to the combining stem===

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|+Combining stem endings

! scope="row"|

! scope="col"|Locative

! scope="col"|Dative

! scope="col"|Vialis

|-

! scope="row"|Location in time

|sañci

|jut

|-

! scope="row"|Within

|ne

|neci

|nut

! scope="row"|Outside

|re

|reci

|rut

|rehn

|}

Verb Morphology

Behru verbs are conjugated by factors, person, number, transitivity, tense aspect, and mood. Many Behru sentences consist of only a verb, as both the subject and object may be dropped if they can be determined by context.

===The four basic stems===

The four stems of the root cet, meaning to speak, are: cet, crwiit, cidaa, and cocash(y).

==='''The basic stem and independant conjugation.'''===

The basic stem has the Independant personal agreement endings added to it, for example, the basic stem of cet, is well, cet, and the conjugated forms are: cedúu: I speak, cedabi: we(ex.) speak, cedaji: we(inc.) speak, cedaak: you (singular) speak, cedaak: you(paucal) speak, cedage: you(plural) speak, etc. However, these endings are not added onto the stem directly, some sound changes must be done first, according to the rules listed below.

''(verb-stem final vowels are considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it)''

If you want to say "I speak" (in an independant clause, of course, as we are studying the Independant forms of a verb), you take the basic stem of the verb to speak(cet, and add the 1st person subject ending (intransitive of course), ú, making cedú (not cetú, remember sandhi rule 12, it caused that t to change to a d.). However, that is not actually the correct form, due to Ivc(independant verb conjugation) rule 1: all ivc forms must have at least 3 syllables. Ivc rule one says "lengthen the second syllable", thus, lengthen the second syllable. So, lengthen the second syllable of "cedú" to "cedúu". If you want to say "you(singular) flee", you add "k" to the basic stem of to flee, "shúnda", forming "shúndak", and then apply rule 1, forming "shúndaak". Remember, the final "a" in "shúnda" is considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it, which is why it is lengthened by rule 1.

However, ivc rule 1 isn't that simple. You might assume that in order to say we(ex.) speak, you would add cet and bi to make cedbi, and then apply rule 1 on the second syllable to make it cedbii(3 syllables). However the true form of we (ex.) speak is "cedabi", not "cedbii". You will learn why in ivc rule one clause 2

That was allot to take in, wasn't it? It will seem simpler with examples. For examples, the form "cedbi" would have ivc 1 clause 2 applied to it because a: it is only 2 syllables long (ced+bi), and, the cluster "db was created by the t(changed to a d) at the end of the verb stem "cet" + the b at the beginning of the personal ending "bi". Thus, you'd add the epenthetic vowel appropriate to "cet" (a), between stem and ending, producing "cedabi" (cet+a+bi).

You can usually tell the epenthetic vowel by the final vowel of the weak stem form, for example, the weak stem of "cet" is "cida<u>a</u>", so the epenthetic vowel is "a". However, this does not always work, for example, "we swim" would be "vábebi", even though the weak stem of váp is "vábii", suggesting that "we swim" would instead be "vábibi". These irregularities just have to be learned by rote. However, we are still not done with ivc rule 1.

This rule is in much the same vein as ivc rule 1, it keeps the verb ending at two syllables, as the final vowel in the verb stem takes up a syllable, forcing the ending to give up a syllable in its place. For example, "they go", is "zíihnloon" (zíin+hloon), however, "they flee", is "shúndahlon", "hloon" giving up a vowel to become "hlon" to accomodate the final a in "shúnda".

"you heal me" is "hnaalnimu"("hnaal"+"nimu"), however, "you hit me", is "cábammyu", "nimu" being reduced to "mmyu" to accomodate the final a in "cába".

===Tense and aspect===

===The passive and causative stems===

The passive is formed by palatilizing the last consonant in the first consonant cluster (adding a y). The causative is formed by labialization of that same consonant(adding a w). The first vowel is lengthened in both forms. Some initial consonants/ consonant clusters must be sonorized before being palatalized or labialized. The causative stem is included in the principle parts to show whether or not this happens. You must check this in the dictionary entry on the verb's stems. For example, the causative stem of cet is crwiit. To change it to passive, replace the w with y, crwiit to cryiit. Sandhi changes cryiit to crshiit. The causative stem of lup is lvuup. The v was a w, changed to a v by sandhi. So replace the w(changed into a v), with y, lvuup to lyuup

cet becomes cocash/ cocay

|-

! scope="row"|2nd person

|-

! scope="row"|3rd person

|hlo

|zu

|-

! scope="row"|4th person

|}

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"|wan

! scope="col"|i

|-

! scope="col"|1p few

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"|de

! scope="col"|bi

|-

! scope="col"|1p many

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"|wen

! scope="col"|jie

|-

! scope="col"|2p one

! scope="col"|nim

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"|lit

! scope="col"|xi

|-

! scope="col"|2p few

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"|lic

! scope="col"|xizh

|-

! scope="col"|2p many

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"| -

! scope="col"|xe

|-

! scope="col"|3 single

! scope="col"|rayáa

! scope="col"|ri

|-

! scope="col"|3 paucal

! scope="col"|zi

|-

! scope="col"|3 plural

! scope="col"|rézh

|-

! scope="col"|4th person

! scope="col"| -

|}

==Behru syntax==

The basic case is used for

-the agent of a transitive verb

-the participant in an intransitive verb

-before the topic particle zú

'''múuge '''zú nebalíl: as for '''dogs''', they run

===The topic===

The topic of the sentence is a noun marked with the postposition zú. It is used in the gnomic tense, to set that noun apart from other nouns in a dsecription. The topic need not be the subject of the sentence, it can be in any case. Verbs marked with a 4th person agreement agree with the last stated topic in a discourse

The causative case is used for the cause of a verb in the causative.

'''shúuñe''' kwoootlo: '''because of the man, '''it flies (the man did something else leading it to fly.

used for the origin of a motion

shúun zú '''béhrusokihn''' zéninlíil: as for the man, he came '''from the Behru homeland. '''

Is used for the companion in an action.

And to make adverbs out of nouns

Used to indicate means of travel

'''jálokimpi''' wunëdici kodú: I fly to my home '''by aircraft. '''

Used to indicate tools used to complete an action.

'''molumikl''' hmoonlíil: it shines '''with heat.'''

used to indicate something an action was done without.

wálübakint '''cidolashamash''' sedoñci zénihnlo: she went to sedone without talking to her mother.

Used to indicate the location of an action

used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, the exact meaning varies.

used to indicate the direct  object of an intransitive verb.

shúun '''tëlübyáaha''' túnijrehlo: the man took off '''his overshirt. '''

used to indicate that one noun owns another.

'''shüneng '''tóbi: '''the man's''' overshirt

===Combining stem===