Behru cesik: Difference between revisions

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(Do not have such long names there)
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[[File:Behruname.jpg|thumb|Béhru cesik shúune viine yoone hok.]]
[[File:Behruname.jpg|thumb|Béhru cesik shúune viine yoone hok.]]


{{Progress
|Phonology= <!-- Have all the sounds and their orthography been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounCases= <!-- Have all the cases for nouns been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounDef= <!-- Has how you define definitiveness (if at all) been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounNumbers= <!-- Are numbers decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounGender= <!-- The various genders? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbPerson= <!-- Does verbs agree to person? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbNumber= <!-- Agree in numbers? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbAspect= <!-- Are aspects done? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbTense= <!-- What about tenses? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbMood= <!-- and moods? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbVoice= <!-- and voices? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjCase= <!-- Do adjectives agree with case? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjNumber= <!-- Number? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjDef= <!-- Definitiveness? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->
|AdjGen= <!-- Gender? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjComparative= <!-- Is the comparative form fixed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->0
|AdjSuperlative= <!-- Superlative? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->0
|Supine= <!-- Supine forms of verbs? The purpose of an action, "I walked to punch him!" Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Gerund= <!-- Gerunds, the noun form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Participle= <!-- Adjectival form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Infinitive= <!-- Infinitive, the bare form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->
|Modality= <!-- How moods, probability and necessity are expressed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Words= <!-- How many words do you have? Answer with a number, inflected forms do not count -->200}}
{{Conlang Info
|Name = Behru Cesik
|Type = Fusional, Polysynthetic
|Alignment = fluid ergativity
|Head = final
|Genders = 2
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|NounCase = yes
|NounNumber = yes
|NounDefinitiveness = no
|NounGender = yes
|VerbVoice = yes
|VerbMood = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTense = yes
|VerbAspect = yes}}




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|-
|-
! scope="col"|o,u
! scope="col"|o,u
! scope="col"|when followed by e,i,a,o
! scope="col"|when followed by e,i,a,o
! scope="col"|become ow,w
! scope="col"|become ow,w
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! scope="col"|e,i
! scope="col"|e,i
! scope="col"|when followed by i
! scope="col"|when followed by i
! scope="col"|become ezh,zh
! scope="col"|become ezh,zh
|-
|-
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! scope="col"|when followed by any vowel
! scope="col"|when followed by any vowel
! scope="col"|dissapears
! scope="col"|dissapears
|-
! scope="col"|aa
! scope="col"|when followed by any vowel
! scope="col"|becomes aah
|}
|}
====Tone Sandhi====
====Tone Sandhi====
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
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===Endings added to the combining stem===
===Endings added to the combining stem===
These endings are added to the combining stem, and must themselves be declined before the noun is used. These nouns may only be declined in the dative, locative, vialis, and ablative. They are effectively "prepositional nouns".
These endings are added to the combining stem, and must themselves be declined before the noun is used. These nouns may only be declined in the dative, locative, vialis, and ablative. They are effectively "prepositional nouns". They decline irregularily.
 
The Location in time suffixes are effectively only used for events and verbal nouns, . For example "cénzupor": means "the event of me seeing him". Add the time locative jep to the combining stem, and you get "céninzuprejep", meaning "at the time I was speaking to him". Adding "nu" before  "jep" means before, adding "pya" means after, "céninzuprenujep": before I spoke to him, "céninzuprepyajep": after I spoke to him.
 
The dative means "until", "céninzupresañci me zénihnloo" means "he didn't go until I saw him."
 
The vialis means "during", or "the whole time", "shúñci ceñocayolshaajut cíirváa" means "During he entire time I was speaking to the man, he watched me". "Shüñáajut pécukihn zénlíil behrudokci." means "It takes the whole day to get from here to the Behru capitol."
 
The ablative means "since", "nushüñáamihn me cíininwaan" means "I haven't seen him since yesterday."
 
The other suffixes are used in effectively the same way as their simple counterparts, eg:
 
mélohi: at the car mélokihn: from the car. méloci: to the car
 
milóone: in the car milóonehn: from in the car. milóoneci: to the inside of the car.
 
milóore: outside of the car milóorehn: from outside of the car, etc.
 
       
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Combining stem endings
|+Combining stem endings
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! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|Locative
! scope="col"|Locative
! scope="col"|Locative verbal
! scope="col"|Dative
! scope="col"|Dative
! scope="col"|Vialis
! scope="col"|Vialis
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|Location in time
! scope="row"|Location in time
|jep
|(nu)(pya)jep
| -
|sañci
|sañci
|jut
|jut
|min
|mihn
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Within
! scope="row"|Within
|ne
|ne
|ñu
|neci
|neci
|nut
|nut
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! scope="row"|Outside
! scope="row"|Outside
|re
|re
|ryu
|reci
|reci
|rut
|rut
|rehn
|rehn
|-
! scope="row"| Left of
|yozh
|yoyu
|yocci
|yoyut
|yoyehn
|-
! scope="row"|Right of
|myak
|myaklu
|myakci
|myakut
|myakehn
|}
|}


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Verb Morphology
Verb Morphology
Behru verbs are conjugated by factors, person, number, transitivity, tense aspect, and mood. Many Behru sentences consist of only a verb, as both the subject and object may be dropped if they can be determined by context.
Behru verbs are conjugated by factors, person, number, transitivity, tense aspect, and mood. Many Behru sentences consist of only a verb, as both the subject and object may be dropped if they can be determined by context.
==Verb Morphology==
===The four basic stems===
===The four basic stems===
The four stems whose forms are unpredictable are the basic, causative, weak, and special stems.
Each verb has four stems whose forms are unpredictable from eachother, which are are the basic, causative, weak, and special stems. All other verb stems can be predicted from these four.


The four stems of the root cet, meaning to speak, are: cet, crwiit, cidaa, and cocash(y).
The four stems of the root cet, meaning to speak, are: cet, crwiit, cidaa, and cocash(y).
==='''The basic stem and independant conjugation.'''===
==='''The basic stem and independant conjugation.'''===
The basic stem has the Independant personal agreement endings added to it, for example, the basic stem of cet, is well, cet, and the conjugated forms are: cedúu: I speak, cedabi: we(ex.) speak, cedaji: we(inc.) speak, cedaak: you (singular) speak, cedaak: you(paucal) speak, cedage: you(plural) speak, etc. However, these endings are not added onto the stem directly, some sound changes must be done first, according to the rules listed below.
The basic stem has the Independant personal agreement endings added to it, for example, the basic stem of cet, is well, cet, and the conjugated forms are: cedúu: I speak, cedabi: we(ex.) speak, cedaji: we(inc.) speak, cedaak: you (singular) speak, cedaak: you(paucal) speak, cedage: you(plural) speak, etc. However, these endings are not added onto the stem directly, some sound changes must be done first, according to the rules listed below.
===='''IVC Rule 1: The fully conjugated form of the verb must have 2 syllables after the verb stem '''====
===='''Ivc Rule 1'''====
The fully conjugated form of the verb must have two syllables after the verb stem.


''(verb-stem final vowels are considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it)''
''(verb-stem final vowels are considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it)''
====='''Clause 1:If not, lengthen the first vowel after the verb stem'''=====
====='''Clause 1'''=====
If not, lengthen the first vowel after the verb stem
If you want to say "I speak" (in an independant clause, of course, as we are studying the Independant forms of a verb), you take the basic stem of the verb to speak(cet, and add the 1st person subject ending (intransitive of course), ú, making cedú (not cetú, remember sandhi rule 12, it caused that t to change to a d.). However, that is not actually the correct form, due to Ivc(independant verb conjugation) rule 1: all ivc forms must have at least 3 syllables. Ivc rule one says "lengthen the second syllable", thus, lengthen the second syllable. So, lengthen the second syllable of "cedú" to "cedúu". If you want to say "you(singular) flee", you add "k" to the basic stem of to flee, "shúnda", forming "shúndak", and then apply rule 1, forming "shúndaak". Remember, the final "a" in "shúnda" is considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it, which is why it is lengthened by rule 1.
If you want to say "I speak" (in an independant clause, of course, as we are studying the Independant forms of a verb), you take the basic stem of the verb to speak(cet, and add the 1st person subject ending (intransitive of course), ú, making cedú (not cetú, remember sandhi rule 12, it caused that t to change to a d.). However, that is not actually the correct form, due to Ivc(independant verb conjugation) rule 1: all ivc forms must have at least 3 syllables. Ivc rule one says "lengthen the second syllable", thus, lengthen the second syllable. So, lengthen the second syllable of "cedú" to "cedúu". If you want to say "you(singular) flee", you add "k" to the basic stem of to flee, "shúnda", forming "shúndak", and then apply rule 1, forming "shúndaak". Remember, the final "a" in "shúnda" is considered to be after the verb stem, not a part of it, which is why it is lengthened by rule 1.


However, ivc rule 1 isn't that simple. You might assume that in order to say we(ex.) speak, you would add cet and bi to make cedbi, and then apply rule 1 on the second syllable to make it cedbii(3 syllables). However the true form of we (ex.) speak is "cedabi", not "cedbii". You will learn why in ivc rule one clause 2
However, ivc rule 1 isn't that simple. You might assume that in order to say we(ex.) speak, you would add cet and bi to make cedbi, and then apply rule 1 on the second syllable to make it cedbii(3 syllables). However the true form of we (ex.) speak is "cedabi", not "cedbii". You will learn why in ivc rule one clause 2
=====Clause 2: .=====
====='''Clause 2'''=====
 
Do not lengthen the second syllable if it follows a consonant cluster created by the end of the verb stem and the beginnning of a personal ending. Instead, insert an epenthetic vowel appropriate to the verb stem between the stem and ending.
'''Do not lengthen the second syllable if it follows a consonant cluster created by the end of the verb stem and the beginnning of a personal ending. Instead, insert an epenthetic vowel appropriate to the verb stem between the stem and ending'''
 
That was allot to take in, wasn't it? It will seem simpler with examples. For examples, the form "cedbi" would have ivc 1 clause 2 applied to it because a: it is only 2 syllables long (ced+bi), and, the cluster "db was created by the t(changed to a d) at the end of the verb stem "cet" + the b at the beginning of the personal ending "bi". Thus, you'd add the epenthetic vowel appropriate to "cet" (a), between stem and ending, producing "cedabi" (cet+a+bi).
That was allot to take in, wasn't it? It will seem simpler with examples. For examples, the form "cedbi" would have ivc 1 clause 2 applied to it because a: it is only 2 syllables long (ced+bi), and, the cluster "db was created by the t(changed to a d) at the end of the verb stem "cet" + the b at the beginning of the personal ending "bi". Thus, you'd add the epenthetic vowel appropriate to "cet" (a), between stem and ending, producing "cedabi" (cet+a+bi).


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You can usually tell the epenthetic vowel by the final vowel of the weak stem form, for example, the weak stem of "cet" is "cida<u>a</u>", so the epenthetic vowel is "a". However, this does not always work, for example, "we swim" would be "vábebi", even though the weak stem of váp is "vábii", suggesting that "we swim" would instead be "vábibi". These irregularities just have to be learned by rote. However, we are still not done with ivc rule 1.
You can usually tell the epenthetic vowel by the final vowel of the weak stem form, for example, the weak stem of "cet" is "cida<u>a</u>", so the epenthetic vowel is "a". However, this does not always work, for example, "we swim" would be "vábebi", even though the weak stem of váp is "vábii", suggesting that "we swim" would instead be "vábibi". These irregularities just have to be learned by rote. However, we are still not done with ivc rule 1.
====='''Clause 3'''=====
If, after the application of Clause 2, the verb ending is still not 2 syllables long, lengthen the epenthetic vowel inserted by Clause 2.
This rule would apply in cases like when you want to say "you(singular) speak". You add the ending "k" to "cet", forming "cetk". you then apply clause two to "cetk", forming "cetak". However, there is still only one syllable after the stem even after the applucation of clause two. Clause three says to lengthen the epenthetic vowel inserted by clause two, thus "cetak" becomes "cedaak". "kómtk" (you float) becomes "kómtak" beomces "kómtaak", "vápk" (you swim)becomes "vápek", becomes "vábiik", etc. (the e in vabek lengthens to "ii", not "ee", this alway happens, as there is no "ee" sound in Behru).


====='''Clause 3: If, after the application of Clause 2, the verb ending is still not 2 syllables long, lengthen the epenthetic vowel inserted by Clause 2'''.=====
===='''Ivc rule 2 '''====
This rule would apply in cases like when you want to say "you(singular) speak". You add the ending "k" to "cet", forming "cetk". you then apply clause two to "cetk", forming "cetak". However, there is still only one syllable after the stem even after the applucation of clause two. Clause three says to lengthen the epenthetic vowel inserted by clause two, thus "cetak" becomes "cedaak". "kómtk" (you float) becomes "kómtak" beomces "kómtaak", "vápk" (you swim)becomes "vápek", becomes "vábiik", etc. (the e in vabek lengthens to "ii", not "ee", this alway happens, as there is no "ee" sound in Behru).
Disyllabic endings become monosyllabic after verb stems ending in a vowel.
===='''Ivc rule 2: disyllabic endings become monosyllabic after verb stems ending in a vowel.'''====
This rule is in much the same vein as ivc rule 1, it keeps the verb ending at two syllables, as the final vowel in the verb stem takes up a syllable, forcing the ending to give up a syllable in its place. For example, "they go", is "zíihnloon" (zíin+hloon), however, "they flee", is "shúndahlon", "hloon" giving up a vowel to become "hlon" to accomodate the final a in "shúnda".
This rule is in much the same vein as ivc rule 1, it keeps the verb ending at two syllables, as the final vowel in the verb stem takes up a syllable, forcing the ending to give up a syllable in its place. For example, "they go", is "zíihnloon" (zíin+hloon), however, "they flee", is "shúndahlon", "hloon" giving up a vowel to become "hlon" to accomodate the final a in "shúnda".


"you heal me" is "hnaalnimu"("hnaal"+"nimu"), however, "you hit me", is "cábammyu", "nimu" being reduced to "mmyu" to accomodate the final a in "cába".
"you heal me" is "hnaalnimu"("hnaal"+"nimu"), however, "you hit me", is "cábammyu", "nimu" being reduced to "mmyu" to accomodate the final a in "cába".


"you heal us", is "hnaaldasa"("hnaal+dasa), "you hit us", is "cábatsa", etc.
"you heal us", is "hnaaldasa"("hnaal+dasa), "you hit us", is "cábatsa", etc. The shortened verb endings are listed to the left of long endings in the polypersonal agreement endings chart.
===='''Ivc rule 3'''====
Ivc  rule 3 applies only to verb stems ending in liquids (n,m,ng,r, and l)., and overrides any other ivc rules of a lower number that could be applied.
 
Verbs stems ending in said consonants have their core vowel shortened before personal endings starting with a vowel. In addition, an epenthetic consonant appropriate to the verb stem is inserted.
 
For example, if you want to say "I go", you add the stem for "to go", "zíin", and add "ú" for the ending. However, "ú" starts with a vowel, so Ivc special rule 1 would apply. The appropriate consonant to insert for verbs ending in an "n" is "z", thus zíinú has its vowel shortened to "zénú", then the epenthetic consonant inserted, producing "zénzú.
 
For verbs ending in an "ng", add "g", "míing-ú"(I shrink) becomes "ménggúu"
 
For verbs ending in an "m", add "v",  "xáam-ú"(I slip) becomes "xámvúu"
 
For verbs ending in an "l", add "z", "yuul-ú"(I walk) becomes "yulzúu"
 
For verbs edning in an "r", add "zh", "cíir-óxa"(he watches thou) becomes "cérzhóxa"
===='''Ivc rule 4'''====
Verb stems that would be affected by ivc rule 3 are unnafected by clauses 2 and 3 of ivc rule 1
====='''Clause 1'''=====
The first vowel of the verb ending is lengthened if the ending is not 2 syllables long If the verb stem ends in n, m, ng, l, or r. Thus, "yuul-bi" (we walk), which has a one syllable ending, is changed to "yuulbii", "cíin-tó" (I see thee) is changed to "cíintóo".
====='''Clause 2'''=====
If the verb stem ends in n, m, ng, l, or r, the endings -k and -k are changed to -kaa and -kii.
 
The ending "k" is actually two endings, one meaning "thou" and the other meaning "you few". In ordinary verbs, these endings are both the same, but in these verbs, the ending splits, if you want to say "thou walk", you say "yuulkaa", if you want to say "you walk", you say "yuulkii"


===Tense and aspect===
===Tense and aspect===
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===The passive and causative stems===
===The passive and causative stems===
The passive is formed by palatilizing the last consonant in the first consonant cluster (adding a y). The causative is formed by labialization of that same consonant(adding a w). The first vowel is lengthened in both forms. Some initial consonants/ consonant clusters must be sonorized before being palatalized or labialized. The causative stem is included in the principle parts to show whether or not this happens. You must check this in the dictionary entry on the verb's stems. For example, the causative stem of cet is crwiit. To change it to passive, replace the w with y, crwiit to cryiit. Sandhi changes cryiit to crshiit. The causative stem of lup is lvuup. The v was a w, changed to a v by sandhi. So replace the w(changed into a v), with y, lvuup to lyuup
The passive is formed by palatilizing the last consonant in the first consonant cluster (adding a y). The causative is formed by labialization of that same consonant(adding a w). The first vowel is lengthened in both forms. Some initial consonants/ consonant clusters must be sonorized before being palatalized or labialized. The causative stem is included in the principle parts to show whether or not this happens. You must check this in the dictionary entry on the verb's stems. For example, the causative stem of cet is crwiit. To change it to passive, replace the w with y, crwiit to cryiit. Sandhi changes cryiit to crshiit. The causative stem of lup is lvuup. The v was a w, changed to a v by sandhi. So replace the w(changed into a v), with y, lvuup to lyuup
===Clitic verbs===
===Special compound stem===
There exists a closed class of clitic verbs in Behru which are suffixed to the stem of a free standing verb. The basic stem is not used, instead the special compound stem is used. The form of the special compound stem is unpredictable and thus is a principle part. (note: the basic stem is used in ordinary compound verbs, not the special compound stem.)
There exists a closed class of clitic verbs in Behru which are suffixed to the stem of a free standing verb. The basic stem is not used, instead the special compound stem is used. The form of the special compound stem is unpredictable and thus is a principle part. (note: the basic stem is used in ordinary compound verbs, not the special compound stem.) The special compound stem is also used to add nominal endings to.


cet becomes cocash/ cocay
cet becomes cocash/ cocay
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|2nd person
! scope="row"|2nd person
|
|k
|
|k
|
|k
|-
|-
! scope="row"|3rd person
! scope="row"|3rd person
|hlo
|hlo
|zu
|zu
|hloon
|hloon-hlon
|-
|-
! scope="row"|4th person
! scope="row"|4th person
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"|líl
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"|líl-l
|}
|}


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! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|uttó
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|emru
! scope="col"|ru
! scope="col"|emir
! scope="col"|tr
! scope="col"|wan
! scope="col"|wan
! scope="col"|azhbu
! scope="col"|uzhbu-zhbu
! scope="col"|une
! scope="col"|unen-nwen
! scope="col"|i
! scope="col"|i
! scope="col"|idu
! scope="col"|idu-ju
! scope="col"|idán
! scope="col"|idán-ján
! scope="col"|iga
! scope="col"|iga-gya
|-
|-
! scope="col"|1p few
! scope="col"|1p few
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! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|ecó
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|dav
! scope="col"|cóv
! scope="col"|de
! scope="col"|de
! scope="col"|izhá
! scope="col"|zhá
! scope="col"|linu
! scope="col"|linu-lnu
! scope="col"|izháa
! scope="col"|zháan-zhán
! scope="col"|bi
! scope="col"|bi
! scope="col"|bidu
! scope="col"|bidu-bbu
! scope="col"|bidán
! scope="col"|bidán-bbán
! scope="col"|igav
! scope="col"|igav-gyav
|-
|-
! scope="col"|1p many
! scope="col"|1p many
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! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|uttwé
! scope="col"|twé
! scope="col"|emeru
! scope="col"|rwe
! scope="col"|emezhr
! scope="col"|twr
! scope="col"|wen
! scope="col"|wen
! scope="col"|ezhbu
! scope="col"|uzhbwe-zhbwe
! scope="col"|wiin
! scope="col"|nwiin-nwin
! scope="col"|jie
! scope="col"|jie
! scope="col"|jiedu
! scope="col"|jiedu-jju
! scope="col"|jiedán
! scope="col"|jiedán-jján
! scope="col"|ige
! scope="col"|ige-gye
|-
|-
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|nim
! scope="col"|nim
! scope="col"|odasa
! scope="col"|dasa-tsa
! scope="col"|iwa
! scope="col"|iwa-zhwa
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|lit
! scope="col"|lit
! scope="col"|kendu
! scope="col"|kendu-ktu
! scope="col"|afnan
! scope="col"|afnan-hnwan
! scope="col"|xi
! scope="col"|xi
! scope="col"|xidu
! scope="col"|xidu-txyu
! scope="col"|xidán
! scope="col"|xidán-txyán
! scope="col"|kóoga
! scope="col"|kóoga-kóok
|-
|-
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|nimu
! scope="col"|nimu-mmyu
! scope="col"|odasu
! scope="col"|dasu-tsu
! scope="col"|ivu
! scope="col"|ivu-zhvu
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|lic
! scope="col"|lic
! scope="col"|kshindu
! scope="col"|kshindu-ctu
! scope="col"|ifnan
! scope="col"|ifnan-hñyan
! scope="col"|xizh
! scope="col"|xizh
! scope="col"|xizhdu
! scope="col"|xizhdu-cxyu
! scope="col"|xizhdán
! scope="col"|xizhdán-cxyán
! scope="col"|kóogav
! scope="col"|kóogav-kóop
|-
|-
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|nime
! scope="col"|nime-mmye
! scope="col"|odase
! scope="col"|dase-tse
! scope="col"|iwe
! scope="col"|iwe-zhwe
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|liisht
! scope="col"|liisht-lisht
! scope="col"|kshiindu
! scope="col"|kshiindu-cant
! scope="col"|efnan
! scope="col"|efnan-hñyan
! scope="col"|xe
! scope="col"|xe
! scope="col"|xedu
! scope="col"|xedu-txu
! scope="col"|xedán
! scope="col"|xedán-txán
! scope="col"|kóoge
! scope="col"|kóoge-kóok
|-
|-
! scope="col"|3 single
! scope="col"|3 single
! scope="col"|ova
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|ufingu
! scope="col"|fingu-hnngyu
! scope="col"|lam
! scope="col"|vaam-vam
! scope="col"|océk
! scope="col"|óxa-xa
! scope="col"|océkyu
! scope="col"|óxi-xi
! scope="col"|ocíigye
! scope="col"|óxe-xe
! scope="col"|rayáa
! scope="col"|rayáa
! scope="col"|kabu
! scope="col"|kabu-ppu
! scope="col"|uzhgan
! scope="col"|uzhgan-gyun
! scope="col"|ri
! scope="col"|ri
! scope="col"|ridu
! scope="col"|ridu-ju
! scope="col"|ridán
! scope="col"|ridán-ján
! scope="col"|yavba
! scope="col"|yavba-vbya
|-
|-
! scope="col"|3 paucal
! scope="col"|3 paucal
! scope="col"|ézo
! scope="col"|za
! scope="col"|ézidu
! scope="col"|zidu-ju
! scope="col"|ézoon
! scope="col"|zoon-zon
! scope="col"|ohan
! scope="col"|óhan-han
! scope="col"|ohanu
! scope="col"|óhnu-hnu
! scope="col"|ohaane
! scope="col"|óhne-hne
! scope="col"|iben
! scope="col"|iben-byen
! scope="col"|nimu
! scope="col"|bimu-mmu
! scope="col"|angizh
! scope="col"|izhen-zhen
! scope="col"|zi
! scope="col"|zi
! scope="col"|zidu
! scope="col"|zidu-dzu
! scope="col"|zidán
! scope="col"|zidán-dzán
! scope="col"|sinav
! scope="col"|sinav-hñav
|-
|-
! scope="col"|3 plural
! scope="col"|3 plural
! scope="col"|eva
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|ufengu
! scope="col"|fengu-hnngu
! scope="col"|lem
! scope="col"|viim-vem
! scope="col"|ocek
! scope="col"|óca-ca
! scope="col"|ocekyu
! scope="col"|óci-ci
! scope="col"|ociigye
! scope="col"|óce-ce
! scope="col"|rézh
! scope="col"|rézh
! scope="col"|kebu
! scope="col"|kebu-ppyu
! scope="col"|wíizhgan
! scope="col"|exhgan-gwen
! scope="col"|ehli
! scope="col"|ehli-hle
! scope="col"|ehlidu
! scope="col"|ehlit-hlit
! scope="col"|ehlidán
! scope="col"|eltánn-tlán
! scope="col"|yavbe
! scope="col"|yavbe-vbye
|-
|-
! scope="col"|4th person
! scope="col"|4th person
! scope="col"|ógañi
! scope="col"|gañi-ngzhi
! scope="col"|ógamu
! scope="col"|gamu-ngmu
! scope="col"|ógañe
! scope="col"|gañe-ngye
! scope="col"|ózhdo
! scope="col"|ózhdo-zhdo
! scope="col"|ózhdov
! scope="col"|ózhdov-zhdov
! scope="col"|ózhdwe
! scope="col"|ózhdwe-zhdwe
! scope="col"|ótsa
! scope="col"|ótso-tso
! scope="col"|ódzu
! scope="col"|ódzu-dzu
! scope="col"|ótsan
! scope="col"|ótson-tson
! scope="col"|óci
! scope="col"|óci-ci
! scope="col"|ócidu
! scope="col"|ócit-cit
! scope="col"|ócidán
! scope="col"|óctan-can
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
|}
|}
Line 2,047: Line 2,071:


==Behru syntax==
==Behru syntax==
===Basic case===
===Noun syntax===
===Basic case (bsc)===
The basic case is used for
The basic case is used for


-the agent of a transitive verb
-the agent of a transitive verb


'''múk''' shüneha kyocarayáa: '''the dog''' pushes the man
'''múk''' shüneha kyocaryá: '''the dog''' pushes the man
 
dog-s-bsc man-s-pac push-3psa.3pans.p~idp


-the participant in an intransitive verb
-the participant in an intransitive verb


'''múk '''cetlo: '''the dog '''speaks
'''múk '''cetloo: '''the dog '''speaks
 
dog-s-bsc speak-3ps.it


-before the topic particle zú
-before the topic particle zú


'''múuge '''zú nebalíl: as for '''dogs''', they run
'''múuge '''zú nebalíl: as for '''dogs''', they run
dog-pl-bsc TOPIC run-4p~idp
===The topic===
===The topic===
The topic of the sentence is a noun marked with the postposition zú. It is used in the gnomic tense, to set that noun apart from other nouns in a dsecription. The topic need not be the subject of the sentence, it can be in any case. Verbs marked with a 4th person agreement agree with the last stated topic in a discourse
The topic of the sentence is a noun marked with the postposition zú. It is used in the gnomic tense, to set that noun apart from other nouns in a dsecription. The topic need not be the subject of the sentence, it can be in any case. Verbs marked with a 4th person agreement agree with the last stated topic in a discourse


===Causative case===
===Causative case (cac)===
The causative case is used for the cause of a verb in the causative.
The causative case is used for the cause of a verb in the causative.


Line 2,074: Line 2,106:


'''shúuñe''' kwoootlo: '''because of the man, '''it flies (the man did something else leading it to fly.
'''shúuñe''' kwoootlo: '''because of the man, '''it flies (the man did something else leading it to fly.
===Ablative case===
===Ablative case (abc)===
used for the origin of a motion
used for the origin of a motion


shúun zú '''béhrusokihn''' zéninlíil: as for the man, he came '''from the Behru homeland. '''
shúun zú '''béhrusokihn''' zéninlíil: as for the man, he came '''from the Behru homeland. '''
===Comitative case===
===Comitative case (cmc)===
Is used for the companion in an action.
Is used for the companion in an action.


Line 2,085: Line 2,117:
And to make adverbs out of nouns
And to make adverbs out of nouns


'''másajákint''' cenitlo: she spoke '''strongly '''(wih strength).
'''másajákint''' cenitlo: she spoke '''strongly '''(with strength).


===Vialis case===
===Vialis case (vac)===
Used to indicate means of travel
Used to indicate means of travel


Line 2,093: Line 2,125:


'''jálokimpi''' wunëdici kodú: I fly to my home '''by aircraft. '''
'''jálokimpi''' wunëdici kodú: I fly to my home '''by aircraft. '''
===Instrumental case===
===Instrumental case (isc)===
Used to indicate tools used to complete an action.
Used to indicate tools used to complete an action.


'''molumikl''' hmoonlíil: it shines '''with heat.'''
'''molumikl''' hmoonlíil: it shines '''with heat.'''
===Adessive case===
===Adessive case (adc)===
used to indicate something an action was done without.
used to indicate something an action was done without.


wálübakint '''cidolashamash''' sedoñci zénihnlo: she went to sedone without talking to her mother.
wálübakint '''cidolashamash''' sedoñci zénihnlo: she went to sedone without talking to her mother.
===Locative case===
 
mother~3ps.po
===Locative case (lcc)===
Used to indicate the location of an action
Used to indicate the location of an action


doonde '''wudihi '''nebahloon: the children run '''in the house. '''
doonde '''vudihi '''nebahloon: the children run '''in the house. '''
===Dative case===
 
child-pl-bsc house-s-lcc run-3ppl.it
===Dative case (dtc)===
used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, the exact meaning varies.
used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, the exact meaning varies.


The target of a verb of motion '''shúuñci '''múk nenibahlo: the dog ran to the man.
The target of a verb of motion: '''shúuñci '''múk nenibahlo: the dog ran to the man.


The target of a bitransitive verb:shúun '''wulüdici''' kwoonitri: the man threw it '''at his house.'''
man-sg-dtc dog-s-bsc run~past-3ps.it~idp
===Patient case===
 
The target of a bitransitive verb: shúun '''vulüdici''' kwoonitri: the man threw it '''at his house.'''
 
man-sg-bsc house~3ps.po-s-dtc throw~past-3ps.a~3pins.p~idp
===Patient case (ptc)===
used to indicate the direct  object of an intransitive verb.
used to indicate the direct  object of an intransitive verb.


shúun '''tëlübyáaha''' túnijrehlo: the man took off '''his overshirt. '''
shúun '''tëlübyáaha''' túnijrehlo: the man took off '''his overshirt. '''
===Posessive case===
 
man-s-bsc overshirt~3ps.po-s-ptc remove~past-3ps.a~3pins.p~idp
===Posessive case (poc)===
used to indicate that one noun owns another.
used to indicate that one noun owns another.


'''shüneng '''tóbi: '''the man's''' overshirt
'''shüneng '''tóbi: '''the man's''' overshirt
===Comparative case===
===Comparative case (coc)===
Used to indicate the basis of comparison
 
táamtsuu '''ledëneho: '''I am taller '''Than that child''' (compared to that child)
 
be.tall-compare-1ps.a~3pans.p that-child-s-coc
 
For describing relationships.
 
'''yóondemo '''huboloju: They are friends''' to those men.''' (In his "in" group)
 
man-pl-coc accquainted-be-3ppa.it
 
'''yóondemo '''rúnaloju: The are outsiders '''to those men'''
 
man-pl-coc outside-be-3ppa.it
 
For describing location
 
'''ficúuho''' vénzi yulññehyoju: The women are three miles away '''from the city'''
 
city-s-coc woman-pa-bsc mile-3-s-be.at-3ppa.it
 
===Combining stem===
===Combining stem===


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