7,080
edits
Kola: Difference between revisions
→Noun classes
| Line 658: | Line 658: | ||
|+ Noun classes | |+ Noun classes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Class !! rowspan="2" | Noun prefix !! colspan=" | ! rowspan="2" | Class !! rowspan="2" | Noun prefix !! colspan="4" | Concord prefixes<small><sup>1</sup></small> || rowspan="2" | Typical meaning(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subject !! Object !! Adjective | ! Pronominal !! Subject !! Object !! Adjective | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| mï-; - || yï- || mï- || mï- || Humans, animate | | mï-; - || yï- || ya- || mï- || mï- || Humans, animate | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| wä- || colspan="2" | wa || wä- || Plural of class 1 | | wä- || wä- || colspan="2" | wa- || wä- || Plural of class 1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| mï- || colspan="2" | | | mï- || wï- || colspan="2" | wu- || mï- || Inanimate | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| mï- || colspan="2" | ji- || mï- || Plural of class 3 | | mï- || jï- || colspan="2" | ji- || mï- || Plural of class 3 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| zï-; - || colspan="2" | li- || zï- || Augmentatives, various | | zï-; - || lï- || colspan="2" | li- || zï- || Augmentatives, various | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| mä- || colspan="2" | | | mä- || yä- || colspan="2" | ya- || mä- || Plural of class 5, mass nouns | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| jï- || colspan="2" | shi- || jï- || Tools/artefacts, diminutives, languages, various | | jï- || shï- || colspan="2" | shi- || jï- || Tools/artefacts, diminutives, languages, various | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| vï- || colspan="2" | vi- || vï- || Plural of class 7 | | vï- || vï- || colspan="2" | vi- || vï- || Plural of class 7 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| N-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || colspan="2" | yi- || N- || Animals, inanimate | | N-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || yï- || colspan="2" | yi- || N- || Animals, inanimate | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| N-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || colspan="2" | ĵi- || N- || Plural of classes 9 & 11 | | N-; -<small><sup>3</sup></small> || ĵï- || colspan="2" | ĵi- || N- || Plural of classes 9 & 11 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| lï- || colspan="2" | lu- || lï- || Abstract, manner/way/culture | | lï- || lï- || colspan="2" | lu- || lï- || Abstract, manner/way/culture | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| gä- || colspan="2" | ga- || gä- || Diminutives | | gä- || gä- || colspan="2" | ga- || gä- || Diminutives | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| dï- || colspan="2" | du- || dï- || Plural of class 12 | | dï- || dï- || colspan="2" | du- || dï- || Plural of class 12 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| wï- || colspan="2" | wu- || wï- || Abstract, countries/lands | | wï- || wï- || colspan="2" | wu- || wï- || Abstract, countries/lands | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 15 | ! 15 | ||
| g(w) | | g(w/ï)-<small><sup>2</sup></small> || g(w/ï)- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Infinitives | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| bä- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Location, "against", "to the detriment of" | | bä- || bä- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Location, "against", "to the detriment of" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| g(w)ï- | | g(w/ï)- || g(w/ï)- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Approximate location, direction, "for", "to", "to the benefit of" | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
<small><sup>1</sup></small> | <small><sup>1</sup></small> Subject and object concords are used for the subject and object of a verb respectively, and adjective concords are used with adjectives. Other words use pronominal concords. | ||
These concord prefixes are considered formal and old-fashioned, and are normally replaced with animacy-based concords. Words agreeing with animate nouns use classes 1/2, while those agreeing with inanimate nouns use classes 9/10. When a modifier is used with a noun, the concord prefix can optionally be omitted. | |||
<small><sup>2</sup></small | With nouns, class 16 and 17 behave as prepositions. Their concord prefixes may be used with verbs; otherwise, the prefix appears at the beginning of the noun phrase. | ||
<small><sup>2</sup></small> (w/ï) = -w- added before vowels | |||
<small><sup>3</sup></small> The initial consonant of the stem (including a null consonant) is often nasalized if applicable, but this is not always the case especially in loanwords. | <small><sup>3</sup></small> The initial consonant of the stem (including a null consonant) is often nasalized if applicable, but this is not always the case especially in loanwords. | ||