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User:Frrurtu/Sandbox5: Difference between revisions
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==History== | ==History== | ||
Ewige is characterized by the following phonological innovations from Ivugi: | Ewige is characterized by the following phonological innovations from Ivugi: | ||
* Creation of a new /e/ phoneme, formed from historical /i/ and /ɨ/ before voiceless fricatives and /r/, and historical /ɛ/ before alveolar consonants. | |||
* Creation of a new /ʃ/ phoneme from /s/ in various positions: before /i/ or /j/ and after voiceless stops. Some instances of /t/ also become /ʃ/. | |||
* Creation of a new /ʒ/ phoneme from /z/ in various positions: before /i/ or /j/ and after voiceless stops. Some instances of /j/ also became /ʒ/. | |||
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ merging with the other three voiceless stops depending on the preceding vowel: /t/ after front vowels, /k/ after central vowels, and /p/ after back vowels. | |||
* Creation of a new /m/ phoneme from intervocalic /b/ in unstressed syllables, plus /n/ and /ŋ/ before labials and unstressed /o/. | |||
* Simplification of various labial-stop clusters: /kp/, /tp/, /rp/, /kb/, and /tb/ all become /p/, and /gb/, /db/, and /rb/ all become /b/. | |||
* Shift of certain vowels' pronunciations when unstressed: /au/ and /o/ become [u], /ai/ merges with /i/, and /ɨ/ and /ɐ/ become [ə]. | |||
* Development of aspirated and breathy-voiced allophones of stops in stressed syllables. | |||
* Loss of phonemic stress in favor of universal initial stress—except in some loanwords and compounds—causing /u/, /ə/, and the aspirated and breathy-voiced stops to all become phonemic. | |||
* Merger of /ɸ/ into /β/, which then shifts its pronunciation to [w]. | |||
* Merger of /l/ into /ɾ/. | |||
* Merger of /x/ and /ɣ/ into /r/ after stops. | |||
* Chain shifts affecting most vowel monophthongs: /ɨ/ > /i/ > /e/ > /ɛ/ > /a/, and /ɐ/ > /ɑ/ > /ɔ/. | |||
* Raising of the two diphthongs: /ai/ to [ei] and /au/ to [ou]. | |||
It has also undergone the following grammatical innovations: | It has also undergone the following grammatical innovations: | ||
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* Expansion of Ivugi's simpler verb paradigm, in which all verbs had infinitives ending in ''-bi'' and inflected basically the same way, into a more complex paradigm with three conjugation classes: ''-me'' verbs, ''-be'' verbs, and ''-pe'' verbs. This process came about when clusters of various consonants and /b/ simplified in different ways. | * Expansion of Ivugi's simpler verb paradigm, in which all verbs had infinitives ending in ''-bi'' and inflected basically the same way, into a more complex paradigm with three conjugation classes: ''-me'' verbs, ''-be'' verbs, and ''-pe'' verbs. This process came about when clusters of various consonants and /b/ simplified in different ways. | ||
* Polypersonal inflection on the verb: whereas Ivugi verbs did not indicate person in any form, Ewige verbs can inflect for both subject and object, both of which started as forms of the pronouns and then phonologically reduced. | * Polypersonal inflection on the verb: whereas Ivugi verbs did not indicate person in any form, Ewige verbs can inflect for both subject and object, both of which started as forms of the pronouns and then phonologically reduced. | ||
* Simplification of the Ivugi syllable onset alternation process to a basic affix, ''- | * Simplification of the Ivugi syllable onset alternation process to a basic affix, ''-ro-'' before a consonant and ''-rov-'' before a vowel. This affix was then repurposed to form the subjunctive/conditional mood, which can be used in any of the three tenses: past, present, and future. | ||
* Innovation of a new future tense inflection, ''-sto'', from the Ivugi verb ''sída'' ("goes"/"is going"). | * Innovation of a new future tense inflection, ''-sto'', from the Ivugi verb ''sída'' ("goes"/"is going"). | ||