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* Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system. | * Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system. | ||
* Generalizing the Ivugi particle ''u'', which was used before animate singular nouns in the accusative, to be a general affix for animate nouns. Explicitly animate pronouns and verb inflections would later develop based on it. | * Generalizing the Ivugi particle ''u'', which was used before animate singular nouns in the accusative, to be a general affix for animate nouns. Explicitly animate pronouns and verb inflections would later develop based on it. | ||
* Obligatory marking of inalienable possession on certain nouns, created from the Ivugi particle ''a'' ("of") fused with a pronoun. | * Obligatory marking of inalienable possession on certain nouns, created from the Ivugi particle ''a'' ("of", inalienable) fused with a pronoun. | ||
* Development of possessive pronouns using the Ivugi particle ''sal'' ("of", semi-alienable) fused with a pronoun. | |||
* Generalization of Ivugi's third genitive particle ''val'' ("of", alienable) as the only genitive particle, now ''va''. | |||
* Expansion of Ivugi's simpler verb paradigm, in which all verbs had infinitives ending in ''-bi'' and inflected basically the same way, into a more complex paradigm with three conjugation classes: ''-me'' verbs, ''-be'' verbs, and ''-pe'' verbs. This process came about when clusters of various consonants and /b/ simplified in different ways. | * Expansion of Ivugi's simpler verb paradigm, in which all verbs had infinitives ending in ''-bi'' and inflected basically the same way, into a more complex paradigm with three conjugation classes: ''-me'' verbs, ''-be'' verbs, and ''-pe'' verbs. This process came about when clusters of various consonants and /b/ simplified in different ways. | ||
* Polypersonal inflection on the verb: whereas Ivugi verbs did not indicate person in any form, Ewige verbs can inflect for both subject and object, both of which started as forms of the pronouns and then phonologically reduced. | * Polypersonal inflection on the verb: whereas Ivugi verbs did not indicate person in any form, Ewige verbs can inflect for both subject and object, both of which started as forms of the pronouns and then phonologically reduced. | ||
* Development of new emphatic/reflexive pronouns, using the noun ''jech'' ("self") plus an inalienable possession suffix. | |||
* Simplification of the Ivugi syllable onset alternation process to a basic affix, ''-ro-'' before a consonant and ''-rov-'' before a vowel. This affix was then repurposed to form the subjunctive/conditional mood, which can be used in any of the three tenses: past, present, and future. | * Simplification of the Ivugi syllable onset alternation process to a basic affix, ''-ro-'' before a consonant and ''-rov-'' before a vowel. This affix was then repurposed to form the subjunctive/conditional mood, which can be used in any of the three tenses: past, present, and future. | ||
* Innovation of a new future tense inflection, ''-sto'', from the Ivugi verb ''sída'' ("goes"/"is going"). | * Innovation of a new future tense inflection, ''-sto'', from the Ivugi verb ''sída'' ("goes"/"is going"). | ||
* Shift from SVO (subject-object-verb) word order to the rare VOS, after the innovation of person-marking on verbs created less need for an explicit subject at the start of the sentence. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Subject/Object | |||
! colspan="2" | Possessive | |||
|- | |||
! English | |||
! Ewige | |||
! English | |||
! Ewige | |||
|- | |||
| I | |||
| ''jechyr'' | |||
| my/mine | |||
| ''soré'' | |||
|- | |||
| you | |||
| ''jechyda'' | |||
| your/yours | |||
| ''soda'' | |||
|- | |||
| him/her | |||
| ''jechei'' | |||
| his/hers | |||
| ''sorot'' | |||
|- | |||
| it | |||
| ''jechyt'' | |||
| its | |||
| ''soriot'' | |||
|- | |||
| we | |||
| ''jechyré'' | |||
| our/ours | |||
| ''sorén'' | |||
|- | |||
| you all | |||
| ''jechař'' | |||
| all of your | |||
| ''sodař'' | |||
|- | |||
| they | |||
| ''jechynei'' | |||
| their/theirs | |||
| ''sonei'' | |||
|} | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Ewige nouns are inflected for several grammatical categories: | Ewige nouns are inflected for several grammatical categories: | ||
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''-(j)yt'' (its)<br> | ''-(j)yt'' (its)<br> | ||
''-(j)yré'' (our)<br> | ''-(j)yré'' (our)<br> | ||
''-(j) | ''-(j)ař'' (all of your)<br> | ||
''-(j)ynei'' (their) | ''-(j)ynei'' (their) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! "we" | ! "we" | ||
| colspan="3" | '' | | colspan="3" | ''éř(é)-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "you all" | ! "you all" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! "you all" | ! "you all" | ||
| colspan="2" | ''- | | colspan="2" | ''-dař'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-tař'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "them" | ! "them" | ||