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=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
==== Noun Classes ====
Nouns are classified into 5 different classes:
*'''Time''': all nouns referring to telling time and time travel, even compound words like “time machine”. Examples: day, hour, spans, season, TARDIS, time travel, time vortex, Time Lord.
*'''Space''': all nouns referring to space and planet names except for Gallifrey. Examples: planet, orbit, universe, stars, sun, Sol III, chaos.
*'''Gallifrey''': everything that's related to the planet Gallifrey or its culture, time lord's titles, names of Gallifreyan cities or natural wonders; plants, animals and minerals native to Gallifrey. Examples: Gallifrey, language, Gallifreyan, The Doctor, Lord President, The Master, white point star diamond, The Capitol, Prydonian Academy, Mount Cadon.
*'''People''': parts of the body, objects only created by humanoid hands, meals, proper names, clothes, emotions. Example: speech, word, war, peace, love, heart, foot, chair, Romana, soup.
*'''Nature''': plants, animals, earth formations. Examples: water, woprat, balance, mountain, sand, rose.
==== Natural Gender ====
All nouns are gender neutral (no masculine or feminine) in their original form but in the case one wants to mark the specific gender of a being or object there are two different pairs of particles that could be used.
''kz'' – ''kl'' could be added after a noun to identify if something is feminine or masculine respectively.
'' 'hu'' (feminine) – '' 'ha'' (masculine) on the other hand, are only used with family and relationships related nouns. For example: The word “'''bandfro'''” [band.θro] means ''parent'' but if we add the feminine particle '' 'hu'' it becomes mother = ''bandfro'hu'' [band.θrou]
==== Plurals ====
Plurality in nouns is expressed in different manners. One thing is certain though, there are 5 suffixes that always be added to the end of the noun when pluralizing, one for each noun class: ''f'' (time), ''r'' (space), ''g'' (gallifrey), ''l'' (people) and ''ń'' (nature).
To indicate the exact quantity is necessary to use “Numerical Particles”, otherwise, the pluralized noun's meaning is ambiguous. Note that not adding a numerical particle is totally acceptable (but mostly frowned upon among the upper class).
===== Numerical Particles =====
Below is the list of the numerical particles with their respective pronunciation and meaning.
* '''wersmontn''' [wers.mon.tn̩] – a pair of the same thing
* '''çortéf''' [çor.tɛθ] – a pair of different things
* '''yatn''' [ɣɑtn̩] – three of the same thing
* '''sumntri''' [su.mn̩.tri] – three of different things
* '''diprathon''' [di.pra.tʰon] – a group of/a set of/several
* '''kalñū''' [kal.ɲjʊ] – a group of different/a set of differing
* '''ikporr''' [ik.porː] – a chain of/a line of
* '''trnźo''' [tron.ʒo] – a chain of different/a line of differing
* '''xertíhrns''' [xer.ty.hrɑ.ns̩] – a web of/a mass of
* '''volśbitś''' [volʃ.biʧ] – a web of different/a mass of different
* '''tśiskales''' [ʧi.skæ.les] – a chaotic/incoherent group or mass of (used when something is all wibley wobley)
* '''subźarm''' [sub.ʒarm] – absolutely no quantity of
* '''ñuikjrr''' [ɲui.kʲrː] – zero quantity of
* Patoluhko [pa.to.luχ.ko] – very few of
* Çetyri [θet.ʎi.ri] – few of
* Al'ledyyrh [alʡ.led.yrχ] – some/average quantity of
* Soljyarzçi [sol.ɟarz.θi] – many of
* Šarhothū [ʃar.χo.ʈiu] – very many of
* Rhassisyy'ta [re.χa.sːi.syʡ.ta] – all of
* Tenforxa [ten.ɸor.k'sa] – absolutely/extremely all of
* Tondiok [ton.diok] – almost impossible to determine amount of
* Qepk [qyepk] – unknowable amount of
* Ñunnmrag [ɲunː.mraɡ] – nowhere near the desired amount of
* Zoalg [zoalɡ] – hard to pinpoint / hard to determine amount of
* Dwefwenuin [dœ.weɸ.we.nuin.] – fluctuating / ever-changing amount of
* Grotjjo [ɡrot.ʤːo] – a single one *
* On [on] – a/an *
*These last two numerical particles are exceptions. They refer to a single quantity and therefore they don't need any of the 5 plural suffixes at the end of the noun.
==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics encode the relative social status of the participants of the conversation. In this case, they don't specifically express a higher status or politeness, but they also mark animacy of the noun through the Universe's timeline, the one that never changes.
There are 11 different honorifics in Skegletorahh'gallã.
Usgproid [usɡ.proid] – now living (optional)
Vlyproid [vleʎ.proid] – once living (optional)
Jūdproid [ʤiud.proid] – never living (optional)
Gçkdproid [ɡeθ.kad.proid] – will be living (optional)
-Barfw [ʙarɸ.w] – parallel universe
-Lẽlaefr [lẽ.laefr] – time lord
'Gallã [ɡa.lːã] – gallifreyan
Trqa- [tre.qya] – TARDIS
'Brakpp [brakpː] – non-native
-ʦrh [ʦarχ] – 4th person (disambiguation of the third person referents)
Rhssy' [reχsːʎ] – universal reference (every single one of [...] in the universe)
==== Articles ====
In English there are two articles: the definite (the) and indefinite (a, an).
The definite article is rarely used in Skegletorahh'gallã. Only when referring to someone's title like “The Doctor” or “The Lord President”. The gallifreyan word for “the” is due [du.e].
Indefinite articles, on the other hand, don't exist at all. But wait a second, we already saw that there is in fact a word for a/an in Gallifreyan so, how does this work? Well, despite “on” has the same meaning as the indefinite article it is only used when answering a question about quantity or as emphasis in the case of “grotjjo”. So, instead of saying “on labeljyou” (a house) you'll say simply “labeljyou” ([a] house).
==== Possession ====
Possession comes in 3 different flavours on the Gallifreyan language: Basic Possession, Indicative Possession and Complex Possession. The easiest way to understand them is with examples.
Basic Possession is pretty much what its name says, basic. It's composed of the preposition çagʦ [θaɡ.ʦ] (of) plus ' and a personal pronoun.
e.g. My book → Çagʦ'pira jyei vuranovi
Indicative Possession is exactly like Basic Possession except this one is used with demostrative pronouns and the suffixes 'heç [ħeð] for nouns ending in a vowel and 'ehç [ʢeχð] for nouns ending in consonants.
e.g. This is my book → Niat çagʦ'pira jyei vuranovi'heç
Complex Possession is used when talking about an object owned by a third party generally not present. It's formed with the particle abo [a.bo] after the owned object.
e.g. The mother's book → Vuranovi abo bandfro'hu
It is also possible to mix all 3 in a sentence like the following example:
e.g. This is my mother's book → Niat vuranovi'heç abo çagʦ'pira jyei bandfro'hu
==== Emotional Words ====
In the early days of the Skegletorahh'gallã language, Time Lords only expressed their feelings telepathically. With the invention of a writing system for, the until then, spoken language, they started coming up with words to describe the way they felt themselves and towards others. For a Time Lord, a feeling isn't just an emotion, it's a state of being. For example, instead of saying “I'm in love” they say “I'm love”. A more literal translation would be: “I am as the state of love”.
As a result, Time Lords don't use adjectives to say if they are sad or happy, they utilize these especial words called “emotional words”. These words used as adjectives of emotion are different than their noun counterparts. For example the word “anger” in its noun form is ʦaptbri [ʦap.tœ.bri] but if you would like to say “I'm angry” then you should use the emotional word NGaãfryyk [ɳɑ.fryk], which also means “anger” in Gallifreyan. The difference is that the latest could only be used to say that one is angry and not to talk about anger itself. There's even a unique to be verb used for expressing emotions but that's a whole other story that we'll discuss later.
==== Adjectives & Adverbs ====
For most human languages, adjectives and adverbs are two different grammatical classifications. In Gallifreyan, however, they are both a sub-category of nouns and are called Quality Nouns. A normal noun becomes a quality noun when it is used to express, as its name suggests, a particular quality of another noun. They are classified by Inherited and Momentary.
Inherited Quality Nouns refer to a quality that's timeless and it's not prone to change at any time. They are the equivalent of what we know as adjectives. Inherited QN are always the subject in a sentence and come right before the noun they modify. The later needs to change its gender to agree with the QN. They also need the verb am (to exist) to make sense. Example:
dodagçaś eiminr am
Beauty exists [in] Amy / Amy is beautiful
“Beauty” is a nature noun so the name “Amy”, a people noun, changes its gender with the suffix nr. This also helps to identify the QN and head noun in more complex sentences.
Momentary Quality Nouns refer to qualities that are just currently being exhibited. They could be interpreted as human adverbs. Momentary QN come right before the noun they modify and are accompanied by the postposition nivh (with). Opposed to Inherited QN, Momentary ones change their own gender to agree with their head noun. Example:
vogh gulth frek nivh irgyu
He runs with quickness [right now/for now]– He runs quickly [right now/for now]
In this case, “quickness” and “he” share the same grammatical gender so there's no need to add a suffix.
Suffixes for gender agreement:
Time: pr [pr̩]
Space: tr [tr̩]
Gallifrey: sr [sr̩]
People: lr [lr̩]
Nature: nr [nr̩]
=== Adjectives ===
=== Adjectives ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Alex Stark
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