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Hutala: Difference between revisions
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=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Hútala has so-called noun classes. There are 12 singular noun classes and 12 corresponding plural noun classes. They are numbered as follows : CL1a to CL12a for the singular, and CL1b to CL12b for the plural. Class is marked on the noun by a prefix ; every noun belongs to one class, often following some semantic grouping. Adjectives and verbs agree in class with the noun and are marked in the same way. | Hútala has so-called noun classes. There are 12 singular noun classes and 12 corresponding plural noun classes. They are numbered as follows : CL1a to CL12a for the singular, and CL1b to CL12b for the plural. Class is marked on the noun by a prefix ; every noun belongs to one class, often following some semantic grouping. Adjectives and verbs agree in class with the noun and are marked in the same way. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| unknown/new ; specific || -t͡se | | unknown/new ; specific || -t͡se | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs are marked for class, polarity, evidentiality, volition, frequency, tense, aspect and mode : CL-POL-EVD-verb stem-VOL-FRQ-TAM | |||
====Class==== | |||
Class is a mark of agreement with the subject noun. However, there is no marking for class in the case of the passive voice. The prefixes are the same as for nouns, but there is some degree of fusion with the following affixes. | |||
====Polarity==== | |||
Polarity has three values : affirmative, negative, and neutral, which is unmarked and used for questions and irrealis modality. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Value !! Affix | |||
|- | |||
| affirmative || ʃi- | |||
|- | |||
| negative || no- | |||
|- | |||
| neutral || - | |||
|} | |||
====Evidentiality==== | |||
Evidentiality also has three values : whether someone knows something from perceiving it with their own senses, or instead from a source of authority (this typically includes professors, scientists, books...) or from simple hearsay. Verbs are also not marked for evidentiality in the case of questions or irrealis. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Source of evidence !! Affix | |||
|- | |||
| senses, perception || tu- | |||
|- | |||
| authority || kit- | |||
|- | |||
| hearsay || ded- | |||
|} | |||
====Volition==== | |||
Volition has only two values : an action is voluntary/controlled, or it is unvoluntary/out of one's control. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Value !! Affix | |||
|- | |||
| controlled, voluntary || -wi | |||
|- | |||
| uncontrolled, unvoluntary || -t͡sa | |||
|} | |||
====Frequency==== | |||
Frequency also has only two values : occasional vs repetitive. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Value !! Affix | |||
|- | |||
| occasional || -ŋa | |||
|- | |||
| repetitive, recurrent || -ses | |||
|} | |||
====Tense and Aspect==== | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||