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Bearlandic: Difference between revisions
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→Verbs
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Dē Graut Bʉr (talk | contribs) m (→Verbs) |
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| aus-gi-dwyn-t | | aus-gi-dwyn-t | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Ē-form | ||
| lop-ē | | lop-ē | ||
| sgit-ē | | sgit-ē | ||
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* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms. | * Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms. | ||
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation. | * Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation. | ||
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the | * Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ē-form and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending. | ||
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the | * If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ē-form. | ||
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms. | * Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms. | ||
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem. | * Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem. | ||
The ē-form is used for several unrelated purposes and may be thought of as a variant present form. | |||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
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| short i | | short i | ||
|} | |} | ||
The | The ē-form of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ē-form seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ē-form is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ē-form may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ē-form ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense. | ||
Some examples: | Some examples: | ||
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| gisgrifft | | gisgrifft | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Ē-form | ||
| birrē | | birrē | ||
| stissē/styzē | | stissē/styzē | ||
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| givirtē | | givirtē | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Ē-form | ||
| yē, zyt | | yē, zyt | ||
| hypē | | hypē | ||
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|} | |} | ||
''Iss'' has two distinct forms corresponding to the ē-forms of all other verbs. ''Yē'' is used as an infinitive, whereas ''zyt'' is used in subordinate clauses. | |||
===Tenses=== | ===Tenses=== | ||
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It '''has snowed'''. | It '''has snowed'''. | ||
Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the | Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ē-form and preceded by ''oss''. | ||
''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br> | ''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br> | ||
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There '''has been''' an accident. | There '''has been''' an accident. | ||
The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the | The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ē-form. | ||
''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br> | ''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br> | ||
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Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively. | Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively. | ||
After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an | After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ē-form and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ē-form when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say: | ||
* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite) | * ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite) | ||