User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions

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[[User:{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[User:{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[User:{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = {{PAGENAME}}verse
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =
|nativename = ''an {{PAGENAME}}''
|pronunciation=
|pronunciation= [ə ˈʃtʃoːʟʊ]
|region = Talma
|region = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
Line 23: Line 22:
}}
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes [[Eevo]]) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{PAGENAME}}: ''a Smòch'' /ə smɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Etha'' /ˈɛħa/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish. In Tricin, it is somewhat an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is an official language of Sċôla and Sċôlan colonies and is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.


Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and West Slavic (particularly Czech and Sorbian) aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction.
Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Phormatolidin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction.
 
"Pay Czech" is a provisional name because I haven't named the country in which Pay Czech is spoken yet.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*Should have had more dh's
*Should have had more dh's
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Vdh > lowered vowels - a source of /ɛ: ɔ:/ in addition to Old Eevo ''ae ao''
*Old Eevo prefixes:
**''ar-'': on, at
**''(deut.) as-'': telic
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
**''é-'': with, co-
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly
**''for-'': causative, through
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out
**''ro-'': down
**''sol-'': a causative
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from
*a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
*if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
*"inb4"
*graduate high school = ?
*Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
*Translation exercises:
**Haggadah
**[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
**[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
*irregular constructs


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 39: Line 59:
*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
===Special readings===
*When unstressed, ''-adh'' is devoiced to /əθ/ or /ət/.
*The ending ''-aigh/-igh'' is pronounced /ɨ/.
===Note on the Anglicization of {{PAGENAME}}===
The {{PAGENAME}} liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in {{PAGENAME}} provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)
The following mapping for vowels is recommended:
/a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/
For {{PAGENAME}} post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.
For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.
For syllable-initial /ŋ/ or /sŋ/, we recommend adding an epenthetic unstressed /ə/ or /ɪ/ before the /ŋ/. /ŋ/ after a tense vowel can be replaced with /n/.
The reduced vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ should map to /ə/ and /ɪ/. If you have the weak-vowel merger, you can merge these two vowels.
==Orthography==
[[File:{{PAGENAME}} script.png|thumbnail|{{PAGENAME}} script]]
{{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).
The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Eevo pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.
===Numerals===
Written {{PAGENAME}} uses a base-12 positional numeral system.
*digits: ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
*duodecimal point: :
*1728's separator (optional): ·
*minus sign: ʳ
*plus, minus, multiply, divide, mod = ?
Examples:
2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ...
==Sound changes==
===Thensarian to Old Eevo===
Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''
Medial ''sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr'' > ''m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr''
Thn. ''a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū'' > OBh ''a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú''
In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí'' >
*before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a e io o u á é ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
*before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''
Unstressed vowels reduce to ''a''
Harmonization: ''a'' > ''e'' (when final) or ''i'' after ''i'' in the previous syllable
Sometimes:
*''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''
===Old Eevo to Modern {{PAGENAME}}===
*aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
*prenasalized stops coalesce
*/k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
*Vowel simplifications:
**''i(o)'' > /ɪ/; ''í(o) oí(o) uí(o)'' > /iː/
**''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
*Further monophthongization
**''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
**''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
*Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
*a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
*unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
*voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
*/ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
*/oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/ and possibly /r/
*/l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
*Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in Râthanar.
''Étaoin'' (Standard) {{PAGENAME}} is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of {{PAGENAME}} speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard {{PAGENAME}} which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
 
The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".
===Stress===
===Stress===
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{{PAGENAME}} has a relatively large consonant inventory.
{{PAGENAME}} has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalv. !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
| '''m''' /m/  
| '''m''' /m/  
| '''n''' /n/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ñ''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ̇''' /ɲ/
|colspan="2"| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ ||  
|colspan="2"| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ || ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!rowspan="2"|Stop
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| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
|  
|  
|
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /k/ || (ʔ)
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /k/ || ||
|-
|-
!<small>lenis</small>
!<small>lenis</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
|  ||
|  
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /g/ || ||
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /g/ ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
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|  
|  
| '''ts''' /ts/
| '''ts''' /ts/
| '''ċ''' /tʃ/
| '''tx, ċ''' /tʃ/
| '''tx''' /tɕ/
| || ||  
| || || ||
|-
|-
!<small>lenis</small>
!<small>lenis</small>
|  
|  
| /dz/
| /dz/
| '''ġ''' /dʒ/
| /dʒ/
| /dʑ/ || || || ||
| || ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
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| '''f''' /f/  
| '''f''' /f/  
|  
|  
| ||  
|  
| /x/ || || /ħ/ ||
| /x/ || /ħ/ ||
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''v''' /v/
|   
|   
| ||  
|  
| /ɣ/ || || ||
| /ɣ/ || /ʕ/ ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Sibilant
!colspan="2"|Sibilant
|   
|   
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''ṡ, ṡċ''' /ʂ/ || '''x''' /ɕ/ || ||
| '''x''' /ʃ/ || ||  
| || '''h''' /h/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|  
|  
| '''r''' /ɹ/ || '''ṙ''' /r̝/ ||
| '''r''' /ɾ~ɺ~l/ || ||
| || || ||
| '''l''' /ʟ/ ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| '''l''' /w/ || ||  
| ||  
| '''j, lj''' /j/ ||
| '''j''' /j/ ||  
|
| ||
|  
|
|}
|}


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*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
* {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*Smeola {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*/n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪].
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/s/ is laminal alveolar [s].  
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].
*The coronal liquid /ɺ/ has 3 allophones broadly:
**After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
**Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [ɾ], [l̠̆] or [l̆].
**Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a prevelar approximant [j̠] or a postalveolar [l̠] with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
*/ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʟ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
*/ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʟ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
*/ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
*/ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
Line 150: Line 250:
|-
|-
!|Grapheme
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''<sup>*</sup>!!''x''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''<sup>*</sup>!!''z''!!''x''!!''r''!!''ŋ''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/ʃ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ ∅/
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/n/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/ʃ/||/ɺ~l/||/ŋ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ʔ/
|-
|-
!|Lenited
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''h-''
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''-''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''h-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/ħ/||/∅/||/h/||/∅/
|''-''
||/x/, /ʃ/||/ɣ/, /j/
|/ħ/||/ʕ/||/h/||''silent''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''||/x/, /ʃ/||/ɣ/, /j/
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 167: Line 270:
|-
|-
!|Eclipsed
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''-''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/
||/d/||/n/||/z/
|''-''||/d/||/n/||/z/
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
||/g/, /dʒ/||/ŋ/||''-''||''-''||/n/
||/g/, /dʒ/||/ŋ/||''-''||''-''||/n/
Line 179: Line 284:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{{PAGENAME}} has a somewhat complex vowel system, with a tense-lax distinction and the effects of L-vocalization.
{{PAGENAME}} has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities with a tense-lax distinction, and the effects of L-vocalization.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
Line 185: Line 290:
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="4" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="3" |Back
! colspan="3" |Back
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
Line 195: Line 301:
! colspan="2" style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
! colspan="2" style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
|-
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
Line 204: Line 312:
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i, y''' /ɪ/
| /ɪ/
| '''î, ŷ''' /iː/
| /iː/
| '''-y''' /ɨ/
| /ʏ/
| '''û''' /ʉː/
| /yː/
| /ɨ/
| /ʉː/
|  
|  
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| /ʊ/
| [uː]
| [uː]<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
|  
| /ɛ/
| '''ê''' /eː/
| /eː/
| '''-a''' /ə/
| /œ/
| '''ô''' /ɵː/
| /øː/
| /ə/
| /ɵː/
| [ɤˁ]
| [ɤˁ]
|  
| /ɔ/
| [oː]
| [oː]<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''è''' /ɛː/
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''ò''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''a''' /a/
| /a/
| '''â''' /aː/
| /aː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 240: Line 345:
|}
|}


Diphthongs: /iə uə aw ɛj ɛw ɛ:j ɛ:w iəw uəj/
<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Sceola {{PAGENAME}}.
 
 
 
Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw uəj/


The vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ occur only in unstressed syllables; they merge before ''l''.
The vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ occur only in unstressed syllables; they merge before ''l''.


====''L''-colored vowels====
====''L''-colored vowels====
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in {{PAGENAME}}):
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola {{PAGENAME}}):


* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
* /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
* /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
* /yː/, /yə/ + /ʟ/ > /yʟ/ /yɤˁ/
* /ʏ/ + /ʟ/ > /ʏʟ/ [ʏɤˁ]
* /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
* /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
* /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
* /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
* /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
* /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
* /øː/ + /ʟ/ > /øʟ/ [øɤˁ]
* /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
* /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
* /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
* /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ [ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ]
* /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ [ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ]
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*/iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media:Tigall_é.ogg|listen]]).
*/iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media:Tigall_é.ogg|listen]]).
*/iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_íl.ogg|listen]]).
*/iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_íl.ogg|listen]]).
*/yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_úi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] ([[Media:Tigall_ói.ogg|listen]]).
*/yʟ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_úil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_ú.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_ú.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media:Tigall_ó.ogg|listen]]). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
*/uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media:Tigall_ó.ogg|listen]]). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
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**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
*/ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] ([[Media:Tigall_i.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] ([[Media:Tigall_i.ogg|listen]]).
*/ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] ([[Media:Tigall_ui.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/ʏʟ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_uil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] ([[Media:Tigall_u.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] ([[Media:Tigall_u.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.


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*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media:Tigall_aé.ogg|listen]]).
*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media:Tigall_aé.ogg|listen]]).
*/eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aél.ogg|listen]]).
*/eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aél.ogg|listen]]).
*/øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aói.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/øʟ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aóil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aó.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aó.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]  ([[Media:Tigall_aol.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]  ([[Media:Tigall_aol.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
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*/ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] ([[Media:Tigall_e.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] ([[Media:Tigall_e.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_el.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_el.ogg|listen]]).
*/œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] ([[Media:Tigall_oi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/œʟ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_oil.ogg|listen]]).
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words), not counting clusters from initial mutations:
Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words):
*''bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) sl sm sn sñ sŋ sr st tn tl tr''
*''bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) sl sm sn sŋ sr st tn tl tr''
 
===Some phonological rules===
*unstressed /əwə/ > ''-ú-'' /ʉː/
*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
{{PAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm.
{{PAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. Within said paradigm, some accents (e.g. Smeola) can sound like a stereotypical Cork accent, while some accents (e.g. Óc Eo) sound more like Valspeak.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{PAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{PAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
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==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
{{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation.
{{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.


/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents.
/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents.
<!--
===Scádar accent===
===Scádar accent===
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Anbhair.
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Anbhair.
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===Phormatin accent===
===Phormatin accent===
The majority accent of {{PAGENAME}} native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas.
The majority accent of {{PAGENAME}} native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->
 
==="Stage {{PAGENAME}}"===
==="Stage {{PAGENAME}}"===
So-called "Stage {{PAGENAME}}" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.
So-called "Stage {{PAGENAME}}" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.
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*/ɾ/ may be trilled [r]
*/ɾ/ may be trilled [r]
*Short vowels before single C + V - the C is allophonically geminated
*Short vowels before single C + V - the C is allophonically geminated
*Non-lambdic vowels are close to their standard counterparts, except /aː/ is pronounced [ɑː~ɒː] (close to its Classical Netagin counterpart)
*Non-lambdic vowels are close to their Smeola counterparts, except /aː/ is pronounced [ɑː~ɒː] (close to its Classical Netagin counterpart)
*/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]
*/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]


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===E pur si muove!===
===E pur si muove!===
''Sóibh argann argannaigh hú!''
''Sóibh argann argannaigh hú!''
<!--
===The North Wind and the Sun===
===The North Wind and the Sun===
====Phonetic version====
====Phonetic version====
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| index =  
| index =  
}}
}}
-->


===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
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==Other resources==
==Other resources==
-->
 


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
IlL
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