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(Created page with "= Proto-language = == Phonology == === Consonants === Bolded consonants can also be finals. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Vel...")
 
 
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= Proto-language =
= Ancient stage=
== Phonology ==
== Phonology (Younger, 19XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar  
! style="background: #fff;" | ''Notes''
! style="background: #fff;" | ''Notes''
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| p || t || ʈ || c || k
| '''p''' || '''t''' || '''ʈ''' || '''c''' || '''k'''
| style="background: #fff;" | ''Some reconstruct voiced plosives.''
| style="background: #fff;" | ''Some reconstruct additional voiced plosives.''
|-
|-
! Pre-nasalised Plosives
! Pre-nasalised Plosives
Line 18: Line 18:
|-
|-
! Nasals
! Nasals
| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ
| '''m''' || '''n''' || '''ɳ''' || '''ɲ''' || '''ŋ'''
|style="background: #fff;" |
|style="background: #fff;" |
|-
|-
Line 26: Line 26:
|-
|-
! Sonorants
! Sonorants
| w || l || r || y || ʀ
| '''w''' || '''l''' || '''r''' || '''y''' || '''ʀ'''
| style="background: #fff;" |
| style="background: #fff;" | ''These are also sometimes analysed as appearing between initials and vowels.*''
|-
|-
! Voiceless Sonorants
! Voiceless Sonorants
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊
| style="background: #fff;" |
|-
! Fricatives
| h* || s* || ʂ || ç <!-- ɕ --> || x
| style="background: #fff;" |
| style="background: #fff;" |
|}
|}
==== Notes ====
* *In analyses where the sonorants are seen as possible glides between initials and the nucleus, the distribution of initials changes quite heavily.
* There is also a glottal stop, sometimes written as &lt;q&gt;.
* &lt;h&gt; represents would-be /ɸ/, but this sound, when constructed, is meant to suggest a sound change before the voiceless labial sonorant arose. Some do not reconstruct it at all.
* &lt;s&gt; is argued by some to be /θ/.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
There are considerably less vowels than consonants, but these have a large number of environmental allophones.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Height
! +y
! +l
! +Ø
! +r
! +ʀ
! +w
|-
! Closed
| i || ɪ || '''ɨ''' || ə || ɯ || u
|-
! Mid
| e || ɜ || '''ǝ''' || ə || ʌ || o
|-
! Open
| æ || æ || '''a''' || a || ɑ || ɑ
|}
<!-- Alternative approach, not sure which is best, also just padding this comment out to act as a visual section break -->
== Phonology (Elder, 20XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
==== Initials ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || k || ʔ
|-
! Pre-nasalised Plosives
| ⁿp || ⁿt || ⁿk ||
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ŋ ||
|-
! Voiceless Nasals
| hm || hn || hŋ ||
|-
! Fricatives
| f || s || x || h
|}
====Glides====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Labial Semivowel !! Dental Lateral !! Retroflex Rhotic !! Palatal Semivowel !! Guttural Rhotic
|-
| w || l || r || y || ʀ
|}
==== Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! ʔ- !! p- !! t- !! k- !! m- !! n- !! ŋ- !! mp- !! nt- !! ŋk- !! f- !! s- !! x- !! h-
! style="background: #fff;" | Notes
|-
! +w
| w || p || t || k || '''m, w''' || n, m || ŋ, m || b || d || g || f || s || '''x, f''' || '''hw, f'''
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
|-
! +l
| l || p || '''ty''' || k || m, n || '''n, l''' || ŋ, n || b || '''dy''' || g || hl || '''sy, hl''' || hl || hl
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +r
| r || p || '''tʂ''' || k || m, ɳ || '''ɳ, r''' || ŋ, ɳ || b || '''dʐ''' || g || hr || '''ʂ, hr''' || hr || hr
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +y
| y || p || '''tɕ '''|| '''c''' || m, ɲ || '''ɲ, n''' || '''ɲ, ŋ''' || b || '''dʑ''' || '''ɟ''' ||  hy || '''ɕ, hy''' || '''ç, hy''' || hy
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
|-
! +ʀ
| ʀ || p || t || '''k, q''' || m, ŋ || n, ŋ || '''ŋ, ʀ''' || b || d || '''g, ɢ''' || hʀ, f || hʀ, s || hʀ, x || hʀ
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.
|}
====Finals====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || ʈ || c || k || ʔ
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Nasals (1)''
| m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ ||
|-
! Sonorants
| w || l || r || y || ʀ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Sonorants (2)''
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ ||
|-
! ''Fricatives (2)''
| colspan=6 | h
|}
'''Notes'''
* (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
* (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.
=== Common vowel outcomes ===
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Height
! y- !! +y
! l- !! +l
! Ø- !! +Ø
! r- !! +r
! ʀ- !! +ʀ
! w- !! +w
|-
! Closed /ɨ/
| i || i
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɯ || ɯ
| u || u
|-
! Mid /ǝ/
| ie || ei
| æ || æ
| ǝ || ǝ
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uo || ou
|-
! Open /a/
| iæ || æi
| æ || æ
| a || a
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uɔ || ɔu
|}
<!-- This is for parts of the phonologies that are shared -->
== Phonology (Shared) ==
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
==== Syllable structure ====
Each syllable has a structure of CVC, better described as Initial-Nucleus-Final.
==== Disallowed roots ====
Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final.
== Vocabulary ==
=== Derived from PIE ===
* ḱḗr (ḱrd-)+ (y)eh2 -> trǝʀ, tyǝʀ (tʂa -> cha)
*
=== Derived from Hmong-Mien ===
<!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong–Mien_language -->
* *ntshu -> ntsɨw "elephant" (dzu -> zu)
* *ʔlen -> lǝɲ "monkey" (len)
* *ŋgeu -> nkǝw "river deer" (gou)
* *tʂo -> trǝw "tiger" (tʂou -> chou)
* *Glɐn -> lǝn "Chinese onion" (lǝn)
* *Nqaːn -> nkʀan "Cogon grass" (gan)
* *ɳõ -> nrǝw "follow"  (nǝou -> neo(w), nao)
* *m-nɔk -> nǝk, (m/n)wǝk "bird" (nuok -> nok)
* *qlAu -> klaw "dog" (kæɔu -> kao)
* *ŋɔːŋ -> ŋwaŋ, ŋaŋw "water buffalo" (ngong, ngou)
* *ntsəːi -> ntsǝi "husked rice" (dzei -> zei)
* *ɲaːŋ -> ɲaŋ "cooked rice" (niang)
==== Hmong-Mien vocab that resembles Austroasiatic ====
* PHM *ʔu̯əm 'water' -> ʔwǝm (wom)
* PHM *ntshjamX 'blood' -> ntsyam (zham)
* PHM *ntju̯əŋH 'tree' -> ntyǝŋ(w), ntyɨŋ (jing)
* PHM *ʔɲæmX 'to weep, cry' -> ɲam (niam)
* PHM *pənX 'to shoot' -> pǝn (pǝn)
* PHM *tu̯eiX 'tail' -> twǝy (toi)
* PHM *mpeiH 'to dream' -> mpǝy (bei)
* PHM *ʔpu̯ɛŋX 'full' -> pwǝŋ, pwaŋy (pong)
* Proto-Hmongic *mbrɔD 'ant' -> mpraw (baw)
* Proto-Mienic *səpD 'centipede' -> sǝp (sǝp)
* PHM *klup 'grasshopper' -> klɨp(w) (kɯp, kɨp, kup)
* PHM *ntshjeiX 'head louse' -> ntsyǝy (zhi, zhei)
==== Vocab that resembles Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) ====
* Proto-Hmongic *kɛŋB 'I, 1.SG'; PT *kuːA (strong form), *kawA (weak form)
:: kǝw, kɨw (kou, ku)
* PHM *mu̯ei 'thou, 2.SG'; PT *mɯŋA (strong form), *maɰA (weak form)
:: mɨʀ (mɯ)
* PHM *təjH 'to die', *dəjH 'to kill'; PT *p.taːjA 'to die'
:: tay (tae)
* PHM *ʔneinX 'this'; PT *najC
:: naɲ (naen)
* PHM *m-nɔk 'bird'; PT *C̬.nokD
:: nwǝk (nok)
* PHM *mbrəuX 'fish'; PT *plaːA
:: (n)p(l/r)ǝw <!-- cf louse -- silverfish? --> (b/p)(ou/aw/ao)
* Proto-Hmongic *hmaŋC 'wild dog'; PT *ʰmaːA 'dog'
:: hma (see Hmongic + Tibeto-Burman stuff) (pa)
* Proto-Hmongic *ʔlinA 'monkey'; PT *liːŋA
:: liŋ (see lǝɲ -- lɨŋy) (ling)
=== Derived from Sinic ===
* lhaŋʔ -> hlaŋ, hlak "elephant" (xiang<!-- xiang -->)
* w(h)an -> hwan, wan "monkey" (weon, feon)
* krun -> krɨn(w), krɨm "river deer" (kɨn, kɯn)
* nhāʔ -> hnaʔ "crossbow" (ta)
* m-lak-s -> mak, nak "shoot" (nak)
* łhuk -> hlukw, hlɨk "track, follow" (xik, xiɯk)
* snikʷ -> hnyɨk(w) "soybean" (qik, qiɯk)
* mhījʔ -> hmɨy "cooked rice" (meal, both senses?) (pi)
===Austronesian===
* matay -> (ma/n-)tay "die" (ma tae)
* mata -> (ma/n-)ta, ma(t) "eye" (ma)
* quluH -> klɨw "head" (ku)
* manuk -> (ma/n-)nuk "bird" (cf. nok)
* buŋah -> (bu-/ma/n-)ŋa "flower" (nga)
=== Derived from multiple sources ===
==== PHM × OC ====
* PHM ʔraːp × OC ʔrāp-> rap "duck" (lap, yap)
* PHM mpɒ × OC prā -> mpra "pig" (ba)
* PHM ʑwɒəːŋ × OC g(h)ʷān -> (n)kwaŋ "sheep, goat" (geong)
* PHM dǝp × OC d(h)ōs -> (n)tǝp "bean" (dǝp)
* PHM vǝu × OC *was -> wǝu "taro" (wou)
* PHM mblau × OC lhūʔ -> (n)plau, hlau? "rice plant" (peow, xieow)
==== PTB x PHM ====
* PHM *plei 'four' -> plǝy (pei, paei)
* PHM *prja 'five' -> pya (pae)
* PHM *kruk 'six' -> krɨk(w) (kɯk)
* PHM *dzjuŋH 'seven' -> ntsyɨŋ(w) (zhing, zhɯng)
* PHM *jat 'eight' -> yat (yat)
* PHM *N-ɟuə 'nine' -> nkyǝw (jieo(w), jiaw -- jiao?)
* Proto-Hmongic *hnɛŋA and Proto-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA 'sun, day' < PTB *s-nəy -> hnǝi (tei)
* PHM *hlaH 'moon, month' < PTB *s-la -> hla (xia)
* PHM *hməŋH 'night' (also 'dark') < PTB *s-muːŋ 'dark' -> hm(w)ɨŋ(w) (pung)
* PHM *ʔɲam 'sister-in-law' (also 'daughter-in-law') < PTB *nam 'daughter-in-law' -> nam (nam)
* PHM *ʔweiX 'son-in-law' < PTB *krwəy -> kʀǝy (kei, kaei, kai)
* PHM *hlep 'to slice' < PTB *s-lep -> hlǝp (xiap)
* PHM *hmjænX 'footprint, track' < PTB *s-naŋ 'to follow' -> hnaŋ (tang)
* Proto-Hmongic *mjænB 'horse' < PTB *mraŋ -> mraŋ (nang, mang)
==== PHM + OC + Austronesian ====
* *qǝi, kē (雞), *qayam -> kǝi "chicken" (kei)
Ceige
870

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