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→Vocabulary
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== Vocabulary == | == Vocabulary == | ||
=== Derived from PIE === | === Derived from PIE === | ||
* ḱḗr (ḱrd-)+ (y)eh2 -> trǝʀ, tyǝʀ | * ḱḗr (ḱrd-)+ (y)eh2 -> trǝʀ, tyǝʀ (tʂa -> cha) | ||
* | * | ||
=== Derived from Hmong-Mien === | === Derived from Hmong-Mien === | ||
<!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong–Mien_language --> | <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong–Mien_language --> | ||
* *ntshu -> ntsɨw "elephant" | * *ntshu -> ntsɨw "elephant" (dzu -> zu) | ||
* *ʔlen -> lǝɲ "monkey" | * *ʔlen -> lǝɲ "monkey" (len) | ||
* *ŋgeu -> nkǝw "river deer" | * *ŋgeu -> nkǝw "river deer" (gou) | ||
* *tʂo -> trǝw "tiger" | * *tʂo -> trǝw "tiger" (tʂou -> chou) | ||
* *Glɐn -> | * *Glɐn -> lǝn "Chinese onion" (lǝn) | ||
* *Nqaːn -> nkʀan "Cogon grass" | * *Nqaːn -> nkʀan "Cogon grass" (gan) | ||
* *ɳõ -> nrǝw "follow" | * *ɳõ -> nrǝw "follow" (nǝou -> neo(w), nao) | ||
* *m-nɔk -> nǝk, (m/n)wǝk "bird" | * *m-nɔk -> nǝk, (m/n)wǝk "bird" (nuok -> nok) | ||
* *qlAu -> klaw "dog" | * *qlAu -> klaw "dog" (kæɔu -> kao) | ||
* *ŋɔːŋ -> ŋwaŋ, ŋaŋw "water buffalo" | * *ŋɔːŋ -> ŋwaŋ, ŋaŋw "water buffalo" (ngong, ngou) | ||
* *ntsəːi -> ntsǝi "husked rice" | * *ntsəːi -> ntsǝi "husked rice" (dzei -> zei) | ||
* *ɲaːŋ -> ɲaŋ "cooked rice" | * *ɲaːŋ -> ɲaŋ "cooked rice" (niang) | ||
==== Hmong-Mien vocab that resembles Austroasiatic ==== | ==== Hmong-Mien vocab that resembles Austroasiatic ==== | ||
* PHM *ʔu̯əm 'water' -> ʔwǝm | * PHM *ʔu̯əm 'water' -> ʔwǝm (wom) | ||
* PHM *ntshjamX 'blood' -> ntsyam | * PHM *ntshjamX 'blood' -> ntsyam (zham) | ||
* PHM *ntju̯əŋH 'tree' -> ntyǝŋ(w), ntyɨŋ | * PHM *ntju̯əŋH 'tree' -> ntyǝŋ(w), ntyɨŋ (jing) | ||
* PHM *ʔɲæmX 'to weep, cry' -> ɲam | * PHM *ʔɲæmX 'to weep, cry' -> ɲam (niam) | ||
* PHM *pənX 'to shoot' -> pǝn | * PHM *pənX 'to shoot' -> pǝn (pǝn) | ||
* PHM *tu̯eiX 'tail' -> twǝy | * PHM *tu̯eiX 'tail' -> twǝy (toi) | ||
* PHM *mpeiH 'to dream' -> mpǝy | * PHM *mpeiH 'to dream' -> mpǝy (bei) | ||
* PHM *ʔpu̯ɛŋX 'full' -> pwǝŋ, pwaŋy | * PHM *ʔpu̯ɛŋX 'full' -> pwǝŋ, pwaŋy (pong) | ||
* Proto-Hmongic *mbrɔD 'ant' -> mpraw | * Proto-Hmongic *mbrɔD 'ant' -> mpraw (baw) | ||
* Proto-Mienic *səpD 'centipede' -> sǝp | * Proto-Mienic *səpD 'centipede' -> sǝp (sǝp) | ||
* PHM *klup 'grasshopper' -> klɨp(w) | * PHM *klup 'grasshopper' -> klɨp(w) (kɯp, kɨp, kup) | ||
* PHM *ntshjeiX 'head louse' -> ntsyǝy | * PHM *ntshjeiX 'head louse' -> ntsyǝy (zhi, zhei) | ||
==== Vocab that resembles Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) ==== | ==== Vocab that resembles Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) ==== | ||
* Proto-Hmongic *kɛŋB 'I, 1.SG'; PT *kuːA (strong form), *kawA (weak form) | * Proto-Hmongic *kɛŋB 'I, 1.SG'; PT *kuːA (strong form), *kawA (weak form) | ||
:: kǝw, kɨw | :: kǝw, kɨw (kou, ku) | ||
* PHM *mu̯ei 'thou, 2.SG'; PT *mɯŋA (strong form), *maɰA (weak form) | * PHM *mu̯ei 'thou, 2.SG'; PT *mɯŋA (strong form), *maɰA (weak form) | ||
:: mɨʀ | :: mɨʀ (mɯ) | ||
* PHM *təjH 'to die', *dəjH 'to kill'; PT *p.taːjA 'to die' | * PHM *təjH 'to die', *dəjH 'to kill'; PT *p.taːjA 'to die' | ||
:: tay | :: tay (tae) | ||
* PHM *ʔneinX 'this'; PT *najC | * PHM *ʔneinX 'this'; PT *najC | ||
:: naɲ | :: naɲ (naen) | ||
* PHM *m-nɔk 'bird'; PT *C̬.nokD | * PHM *m-nɔk 'bird'; PT *C̬.nokD | ||
:: nwǝk | :: nwǝk (nok) | ||
* PHM *mbrəuX 'fish'; PT *plaːA | * PHM *mbrəuX 'fish'; PT *plaːA | ||
:: (n)p(l/r)ǝw <!-- cf louse -- silverfish? --> | :: (n)p(l/r)ǝw <!-- cf louse -- silverfish? --> (b/p)(ou/aw/ao) | ||
* Proto-Hmongic *hmaŋC 'wild dog'; PT *ʰmaːA 'dog' | * Proto-Hmongic *hmaŋC 'wild dog'; PT *ʰmaːA 'dog' | ||
:: hma (see Hmongic + Tibeto-Burman stuff) | :: hma (see Hmongic + Tibeto-Burman stuff) (pa) | ||
* Proto-Hmongic *ʔlinA 'monkey'; PT *liːŋA | * Proto-Hmongic *ʔlinA 'monkey'; PT *liːŋA | ||
:: liŋ (see lǝɲ -- lɨŋy) | :: liŋ (see lǝɲ -- lɨŋy) (ling) | ||
=== Derived from Sinic === | === Derived from Sinic === | ||
* lhaŋʔ -> hlaŋ, hlak "elephant" | * lhaŋʔ -> hlaŋ, hlak "elephant" (xiang<!-- xiang -->) | ||
* w(h)an -> hwan, wan "monkey" | * w(h)an -> hwan, wan "monkey" (weon, feon) | ||
* krun -> krɨn, krɨm "river deer" | * krun -> krɨn(w), krɨm "river deer" (kɨn, kɯn) | ||
* nhāʔ -> hnaʔ "crossbow" | * nhāʔ -> hnaʔ "crossbow" (ta) | ||
* m-lak-s -> mak, nak "shoot" | * m-lak-s -> mak, nak "shoot" (nak) | ||
* łhuk -> hlukw, hlɨk "track, follow" | * łhuk -> hlukw, hlɨk "track, follow" (xik, xiɯk) | ||
* snikʷ -> hnyɨk(w) "soybean" | * snikʷ -> hnyɨk(w) "soybean" (qik, qiɯk) | ||
* mhījʔ -> hmɨy "cooked rice" (meal, both senses?) | * mhījʔ -> hmɨy "cooked rice" (meal, both senses?) (pi) | ||
===Austronesian=== | ===Austronesian=== | ||
* matay -> (ma/n-)tay "die" | * matay -> (ma/n-)tay "die" (ma tae) | ||
* mata -> (ma/n-)ta, ma(t) "eye" | * mata -> (ma/n-)ta, ma(t) "eye" (ma) | ||
* quluH -> | * quluH -> klɨw "head" (ku) | ||
* manuk -> (ma/n-)nuk "bird" | * manuk -> (ma/n-)nuk "bird" (cf. nok) | ||
* buŋah -> (bu-/ma/n-)ŋa "flower" | * buŋah -> (bu-/ma/n-)ŋa "flower" (nga) | ||
=== Derived from multiple sources === | === Derived from multiple sources === | ||
==== PHM × OC ==== | ==== PHM × OC ==== | ||
* PHM ʔraːp × OC ʔrāp-> rap "duck" | * PHM ʔraːp × OC ʔrāp-> rap "duck" (lap, yap) | ||
* PHM mpɒ × OC prā -> mpra "pig" | * PHM mpɒ × OC prā -> mpra "pig" (ba) | ||
* PHM ʑwɒəːŋ × OC g(h)ʷān -> (n)kwaŋ "sheep, goat" | * PHM ʑwɒəːŋ × OC g(h)ʷān -> (n)kwaŋ "sheep, goat" (geong) | ||
* PHM dǝp × OC d(h)ōs -> (n)tǝp "bean" | * PHM dǝp × OC d(h)ōs -> (n)tǝp "bean" (dǝp) | ||
* PHM vǝu × OC *was -> wǝu "taro" | * PHM vǝu × OC *was -> wǝu "taro" (wou) | ||
* PHM mblau × OC lhūʔ -> (n)plau, hlau? "rice plant" | * PHM mblau × OC lhūʔ -> (n)plau, hlau? "rice plant" (peow, xieow) | ||
==== PTB x PHM ==== | ==== PTB x PHM ==== | ||
* PHM *plei 'four' -> plǝy | * PHM *plei 'four' -> plǝy (pei, paei) | ||
* PHM *prja 'five' -> pya | * PHM *prja 'five' -> pya (pae) | ||
* PHM *kruk 'six' -> | * PHM *kruk 'six' -> krɨk(w) (kɯk) | ||
PHM *dzjuŋH 'seven' -> ntsyɨŋ(w) | PHM *dzjuŋH 'seven' -> ntsyɨŋ(w) (zhing, zhɯng) | ||
PHM *jat 'eight' -> yat | PHM *jat 'eight' -> yat (yat) | ||
PHM *N-ɟuə 'nine' -> nkyǝw | PHM *N-ɟuə 'nine' -> nkyǝw (jieo(w), jiaw -- jiao?) | ||
Proto-Hmongic *hnɛŋA and Proto-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA 'sun, day' < PTB *s-nəy -> hnǝi | Proto-Hmongic *hnɛŋA and Proto-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA 'sun, day' < PTB *s-nəy -> hnǝi (tei) | ||
PHM *hlaH 'moon, month' < PTB *s-la -> hla | PHM *hlaH 'moon, month' < PTB *s-la -> hla (xia) | ||
PHM *hməŋH 'night' (also 'dark') < PTB *s-muːŋ 'dark' -> hm(w)ɨŋ(w) | PHM *hməŋH 'night' (also 'dark') < PTB *s-muːŋ 'dark' -> hm(w)ɨŋ(w) (pung) | ||
PHM *ʔɲam 'sister-in-law' (also 'daughter-in-law') < PTB *nam 'daughter-in-law' -> nam | PHM *ʔɲam 'sister-in-law' (also 'daughter-in-law') < PTB *nam 'daughter-in-law' -> nam (nam) | ||
PHM *ʔweiX 'son-in-law' < PTB *krwəy -> kʀǝy | PHM *ʔweiX 'son-in-law' < PTB *krwəy -> kʀǝy (kei, kaei, kai) | ||
PHM *hlep 'to slice' < PTB *s-lep -> hlǝp | PHM *hlep 'to slice' < PTB *s-lep -> hlǝp (xiap) | ||
PHM *hmjænX 'footprint, track' < PTB *s-naŋ 'to follow' -> hnaŋ | PHM *hmjænX 'footprint, track' < PTB *s-naŋ 'to follow' -> hnaŋ (tang) | ||
Proto-Hmongic *mjænB 'horse' < PTB *mraŋ -> mraŋ | Proto-Hmongic *mjænB 'horse' < PTB *mraŋ -> mraŋ (nang, mang) | ||
==== PHM + OC + Austronesian ==== | ==== PHM + OC + Austronesian ==== | ||
* *qǝi, kē (雞), *qayam -> kǝi "chicken" | * *qǝi, kē (雞), *qayam -> kǝi "chicken" (kei) | ||