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= Ancient stage=
= Ancient stage=
== Phonology ==
== Phonology (Younger, 19XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
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|}
|}


<!-- Alternative approach, not sure which is best, also just padding this comment out to act as a visual section break -->
== Phonology (Elder, 20XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
==== Initials ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || k || ʔ
|-
! Pre-nasalised Plosives
| ⁿp || ⁿt || ⁿk ||
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ŋ ||
|-
! Voiceless Nasals
| hm || hn || hŋ ||
|-
! Fricatives
| f || s || x || h
|}
====Glides====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Labial Semivowel !! Dental Lateral !! Retroflex Rhotic !! Palatal Semivowel !! Guttural Rhotic
|-
| w || l || r || y || ʀ
|}
==== Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! ʔ- !! p- !! t- !! k- !! m- !! n- !! ŋ- !! mp- !! nt- !! ŋk- !! f- !! s- !! x- !! h-
! style="background: #fff;" | Notes
|-
! +w
| w || p || t || k || '''m, w''' || n, m || ŋ, m || b || d || g || f || s || '''x, f''' || '''hw, f'''
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
|-
! +l
| l || p || '''ty''' || k || m, n || '''n, l''' || ŋ, n || b || '''dy''' || g || hl || '''sy, hl''' || hl || hl
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +r
| r || p || '''tʂ''' || k || m, ɳ || '''ɳ, r''' || ŋ, ɳ || b || '''dʐ''' || g || hr || '''ʂ, hr''' || hr || hr
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +y
| y || p || '''tɕ '''|| '''c''' || m, ɲ || '''ɲ, n''' || '''ɲ, ŋ''' || b || '''dʑ''' || '''ɟ''' ||  hy || '''ɕ, hy''' || '''ç, hy''' || hy
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
|-
! +ʀ
| ʀ || p || t || '''k, q''' || m, ŋ || n, ŋ || '''ŋ, ʀ''' || b || d || '''g, ɢ''' || hʀ, f || hʀ, s || hʀ, x || hʀ
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.
|}
====Finals====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || ʈ || c || k || ʔ
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Nasals (1)''
| m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ ||
|-
! Sonorants
| w || l || r || y || ʀ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Sonorants (2)''
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ ||
|-
! ''Fricatives (2)''
| colspan=6 | h
|}
'''Notes'''
* (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
* (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.
=== Common vowel outcomes ===
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Height
! y- !! +y
! l- !! +l
! Ø- !! +Ø
! r- !! +r
! ʀ- !! +ʀ
! w- !! +w
|-
! Closed /ɨ/
| i || i
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɯ || ɯ
| u || u
|-
! Mid /ǝ/
| ie || ei
| æ || æ
| ǝ || ǝ
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uo || ou
|-
! Open /a/
| iæ || æi
| æ || æ
| a || a
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uɔ || ɔu
|}
<!-- This is for parts of the phonologies that are shared -->
== Phonology (Shared) ==
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
==== Syllable structure ====
==== Syllable structure ====
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==== Disallowed roots ====
==== Disallowed roots ====
Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final.
Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final.
== Vocabulary ==
=== Derived from PIE ===
* ḱḗr (ḱrd-)+ (y)eh2 -> trǝʀ, tyǝʀ (tʂa -> cha)
*
=== Derived from Hmong-Mien ===
<!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong–Mien_language -->
* *ntshu -> ntsɨw "elephant" (dzu -> zu)
* *ʔlen -> lǝɲ "monkey" (len)
* *ŋgeu -> nkǝw "river deer" (gou)
* *tʂo -> trǝw "tiger" (tʂou -> chou)
* *Glɐn -> lǝn "Chinese onion" (lǝn)
* *Nqaːn -> nkʀan "Cogon grass" (gan)
* *ɳõ -> nrǝw "follow"  (nǝou -> neo(w), nao)
* *m-nɔk -> nǝk, (m/n)wǝk "bird" (nuok -> nok)
* *qlAu -> klaw "dog" (kæɔu -> kao)
* *ŋɔːŋ -> ŋwaŋ, ŋaŋw "water buffalo" (ngong, ngou)
* *ntsəːi -> ntsǝi "husked rice" (dzei -> zei)
* *ɲaːŋ -> ɲaŋ "cooked rice" (niang)
==== Hmong-Mien vocab that resembles Austroasiatic ====
* PHM *ʔu̯əm 'water' -> ʔwǝm (wom)
* PHM *ntshjamX 'blood' -> ntsyam (zham)
* PHM *ntju̯əŋH 'tree' -> ntyǝŋ(w), ntyɨŋ (jing)
* PHM *ʔɲæmX 'to weep, cry' -> ɲam (niam)
* PHM *pənX 'to shoot' -> pǝn (pǝn)
* PHM *tu̯eiX 'tail' -> twǝy (toi)
* PHM *mpeiH 'to dream' -> mpǝy (bei)
* PHM *ʔpu̯ɛŋX 'full' -> pwǝŋ, pwaŋy (pong)
* Proto-Hmongic *mbrɔD 'ant' -> mpraw (baw)
* Proto-Mienic *səpD 'centipede' -> sǝp (sǝp)
* PHM *klup 'grasshopper' -> klɨp(w) (kɯp, kɨp, kup)
* PHM *ntshjeiX 'head louse' -> ntsyǝy (zhi, zhei)
==== Vocab that resembles Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) ====
* Proto-Hmongic *kɛŋB 'I, 1.SG'; PT *kuːA (strong form), *kawA (weak form)
:: kǝw, kɨw (kou, ku)
* PHM *mu̯ei 'thou, 2.SG'; PT *mɯŋA (strong form), *maɰA (weak form)
:: mɨʀ (mɯ)
* PHM *təjH 'to die', *dəjH 'to kill'; PT *p.taːjA 'to die'
:: tay (tae)
* PHM *ʔneinX 'this'; PT *najC
:: naɲ (naen)
* PHM *m-nɔk 'bird'; PT *C̬.nokD
:: nwǝk (nok)
* PHM *mbrəuX 'fish'; PT *plaːA
:: (n)p(l/r)ǝw <!-- cf louse -- silverfish? --> (b/p)(ou/aw/ao)
* Proto-Hmongic *hmaŋC 'wild dog'; PT *ʰmaːA 'dog'
:: hma (see Hmongic + Tibeto-Burman stuff) (pa)
* Proto-Hmongic *ʔlinA 'monkey'; PT *liːŋA
:: liŋ (see lǝɲ -- lɨŋy) (ling)
=== Derived from Sinic ===
* lhaŋʔ -> hlaŋ, hlak "elephant" (xiang<!-- xiang -->)
* w(h)an -> hwan, wan "monkey" (weon, feon)
* krun -> krɨn(w), krɨm "river deer" (kɨn, kɯn)
* nhāʔ -> hnaʔ "crossbow" (ta)
* m-lak-s -> mak, nak "shoot" (nak)
* łhuk -> hlukw, hlɨk "track, follow" (xik, xiɯk)
* snikʷ -> hnyɨk(w) "soybean" (qik, qiɯk)
* mhījʔ -> hmɨy "cooked rice" (meal, both senses?) (pi)
===Austronesian===
* matay -> (ma/n-)tay "die" (ma tae)
* mata -> (ma/n-)ta, ma(t) "eye" (ma)
* quluH -> klɨw "head" (ku)
* manuk -> (ma/n-)nuk "bird" (cf. nok)
* buŋah -> (bu-/ma/n-)ŋa "flower" (nga)
=== Derived from multiple sources ===
==== PHM × OC ====
* PHM ʔraːp × OC ʔrāp-> rap "duck" (lap, yap)
* PHM mpɒ × OC prā -> mpra "pig" (ba)
* PHM ʑwɒəːŋ × OC g(h)ʷān -> (n)kwaŋ "sheep, goat" (geong)
* PHM dǝp × OC d(h)ōs -> (n)tǝp "bean" (dǝp)
* PHM vǝu × OC *was -> wǝu "taro" (wou)
* PHM mblau × OC lhūʔ -> (n)plau, hlau? "rice plant" (peow, xieow)
==== PTB x PHM ====
* PHM *plei 'four' -> plǝy (pei, paei)
* PHM *prja 'five' -> pya (pae)
* PHM *kruk 'six' -> krɨk(w) (kɯk)
* PHM *dzjuŋH 'seven' -> ntsyɨŋ(w) (zhing, zhɯng)
* PHM *jat 'eight' -> yat (yat)
* PHM *N-ɟuə 'nine' -> nkyǝw (jieo(w), jiaw -- jiao?)
* Proto-Hmongic *hnɛŋA and Proto-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA 'sun, day' < PTB *s-nəy -> hnǝi (tei)
* PHM *hlaH 'moon, month' < PTB *s-la -> hla (xia)
* PHM *hməŋH 'night' (also 'dark') < PTB *s-muːŋ 'dark' -> hm(w)ɨŋ(w) (pung)
* PHM *ʔɲam 'sister-in-law' (also 'daughter-in-law') < PTB *nam 'daughter-in-law' -> nam (nam)
* PHM *ʔweiX 'son-in-law' < PTB *krwəy -> kʀǝy (kei, kaei, kai)
* PHM *hlep 'to slice' < PTB *s-lep -> hlǝp (xiap)
* PHM *hmjænX 'footprint, track' < PTB *s-naŋ 'to follow' -> hnaŋ (tang)
* Proto-Hmongic *mjænB 'horse' < PTB *mraŋ -> mraŋ (nang, mang)
==== PHM + OC + Austronesian ====
* *qǝi, kē (雞), *qayam -> kǝi "chicken" (kei)
Ceige
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