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User:Ceige/SEA Inspired: Difference between revisions
→PTB x PHM
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| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ || | | m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless Nasals (1) | ! ''Voiceless Nasals (1)'' | ||
| m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ || | | m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 142: | Line 142: | ||
| w || l || r || y || ʀ || | | w || l || r || y || ʀ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless Sonorants (2) | ! ''Voiceless Sonorants (2)'' | ||
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ || | | ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricatives (2) | ! ''Fricatives (2)'' | ||
| colspan=6 | h | | colspan=6 | h | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 152: | Line 152: | ||
* (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages. | * (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages. | ||
=== | === Common vowel outcomes === | ||
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/ | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 167: | Line 167: | ||
! Closed /ɨ/ | ! Closed /ɨ/ | ||
| i || i | | i || i | ||
| ɨ || ɨ | | ɨ || ɨ | ||
| | | ɨ || ɨ | ||
| ɨ || ɨ | |||
| | | ɯ || ɯ | ||
| u || u | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid /ǝ/ | ! Mid /ǝ/ | ||
| ie || ei | | ie || ei | ||
| | | æ || æ | ||
| ǝ || ǝ | | ǝ || ǝ | ||
| | | ǝa || aǝ | ||
| ʌ || ʌ | |||
| | | uo || ou | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open /a/ | ! Open /a/ | ||
| iæ || æi | | iæ || æi | ||
| | | æ || æ | ||
| a || a | | a || a | ||
| ǝa || aǝ | |||
| | | ʌ || ʌ | ||
| uɔ || ɔu | |||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- This is for parts of the phonologies that are shared --> | <!-- This is for parts of the phonologies that are shared --> | ||
== Phonology (Shared) == | == Phonology (Shared) == | ||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
| Line 197: | Line 199: | ||
==== Disallowed roots ==== | ==== Disallowed roots ==== | ||
Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final. | Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final. | ||
== Vocabulary == | |||
=== Derived from PIE === | |||
* ḱḗr (ḱrd-)+ (y)eh2 -> trǝʀ, tyǝʀ (tʂa -> cha) | |||
* | |||
=== Derived from Hmong-Mien === | |||
<!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong–Mien_language --> | |||
* *ntshu -> ntsɨw "elephant" (dzu -> zu) | |||
* *ʔlen -> lǝɲ "monkey" (len) | |||
* *ŋgeu -> nkǝw "river deer" (gou) | |||
* *tʂo -> trǝw "tiger" (tʂou -> chou) | |||
* *Glɐn -> lǝn "Chinese onion" (lǝn) | |||
* *Nqaːn -> nkʀan "Cogon grass" (gan) | |||
* *ɳõ -> nrǝw "follow" (nǝou -> neo(w), nao) | |||
* *m-nɔk -> nǝk, (m/n)wǝk "bird" (nuok -> nok) | |||
* *qlAu -> klaw "dog" (kæɔu -> kao) | |||
* *ŋɔːŋ -> ŋwaŋ, ŋaŋw "water buffalo" (ngong, ngou) | |||
* *ntsəːi -> ntsǝi "husked rice" (dzei -> zei) | |||
* *ɲaːŋ -> ɲaŋ "cooked rice" (niang) | |||
==== Hmong-Mien vocab that resembles Austroasiatic ==== | |||
* PHM *ʔu̯əm 'water' -> ʔwǝm (wom) | |||
* PHM *ntshjamX 'blood' -> ntsyam (zham) | |||
* PHM *ntju̯əŋH 'tree' -> ntyǝŋ(w), ntyɨŋ (jing) | |||
* PHM *ʔɲæmX 'to weep, cry' -> ɲam (niam) | |||
* PHM *pənX 'to shoot' -> pǝn (pǝn) | |||
* PHM *tu̯eiX 'tail' -> twǝy (toi) | |||
* PHM *mpeiH 'to dream' -> mpǝy (bei) | |||
* PHM *ʔpu̯ɛŋX 'full' -> pwǝŋ, pwaŋy (pong) | |||
* Proto-Hmongic *mbrɔD 'ant' -> mpraw (baw) | |||
* Proto-Mienic *səpD 'centipede' -> sǝp (sǝp) | |||
* PHM *klup 'grasshopper' -> klɨp(w) (kɯp, kɨp, kup) | |||
* PHM *ntshjeiX 'head louse' -> ntsyǝy (zhi, zhei) | |||
==== Vocab that resembles Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) ==== | |||
* Proto-Hmongic *kɛŋB 'I, 1.SG'; PT *kuːA (strong form), *kawA (weak form) | |||
:: kǝw, kɨw (kou, ku) | |||
* PHM *mu̯ei 'thou, 2.SG'; PT *mɯŋA (strong form), *maɰA (weak form) | |||
:: mɨʀ (mɯ) | |||
* PHM *təjH 'to die', *dəjH 'to kill'; PT *p.taːjA 'to die' | |||
:: tay (tae) | |||
* PHM *ʔneinX 'this'; PT *najC | |||
:: naɲ (naen) | |||
* PHM *m-nɔk 'bird'; PT *C̬.nokD | |||
:: nwǝk (nok) | |||
* PHM *mbrəuX 'fish'; PT *plaːA | |||
:: (n)p(l/r)ǝw <!-- cf louse -- silverfish? --> (b/p)(ou/aw/ao) | |||
* Proto-Hmongic *hmaŋC 'wild dog'; PT *ʰmaːA 'dog' | |||
:: hma (see Hmongic + Tibeto-Burman stuff) (pa) | |||
* Proto-Hmongic *ʔlinA 'monkey'; PT *liːŋA | |||
:: liŋ (see lǝɲ -- lɨŋy) (ling) | |||
=== Derived from Sinic === | |||
* lhaŋʔ -> hlaŋ, hlak "elephant" (xiang<!-- xiang -->) | |||
* w(h)an -> hwan, wan "monkey" (weon, feon) | |||
* krun -> krɨn(w), krɨm "river deer" (kɨn, kɯn) | |||
* nhāʔ -> hnaʔ "crossbow" (ta) | |||
* m-lak-s -> mak, nak "shoot" (nak) | |||
* łhuk -> hlukw, hlɨk "track, follow" (xik, xiɯk) | |||
* snikʷ -> hnyɨk(w) "soybean" (qik, qiɯk) | |||
* mhījʔ -> hmɨy "cooked rice" (meal, both senses?) (pi) | |||
===Austronesian=== | |||
* matay -> (ma/n-)tay "die" (ma tae) | |||
* mata -> (ma/n-)ta, ma(t) "eye" (ma) | |||
* quluH -> klɨw "head" (ku) | |||
* manuk -> (ma/n-)nuk "bird" (cf. nok) | |||
* buŋah -> (bu-/ma/n-)ŋa "flower" (nga) | |||
=== Derived from multiple sources === | |||
==== PHM × OC ==== | |||
* PHM ʔraːp × OC ʔrāp-> rap "duck" (lap, yap) | |||
* PHM mpɒ × OC prā -> mpra "pig" (ba) | |||
* PHM ʑwɒəːŋ × OC g(h)ʷān -> (n)kwaŋ "sheep, goat" (geong) | |||
* PHM dǝp × OC d(h)ōs -> (n)tǝp "bean" (dǝp) | |||
* PHM vǝu × OC *was -> wǝu "taro" (wou) | |||
* PHM mblau × OC lhūʔ -> (n)plau, hlau? "rice plant" (peow, xieow) | |||
==== PTB x PHM ==== | |||
* PHM *plei 'four' -> plǝy (pei, paei) | |||
* PHM *prja 'five' -> pya (pae) | |||
* PHM *kruk 'six' -> krɨk(w) (kɯk) | |||
* PHM *dzjuŋH 'seven' -> ntsyɨŋ(w) (zhing, zhɯng) | |||
* PHM *jat 'eight' -> yat (yat) | |||
* PHM *N-ɟuə 'nine' -> nkyǝw (jieo(w), jiaw -- jiao?) | |||
* Proto-Hmongic *hnɛŋA and Proto-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA 'sun, day' < PTB *s-nəy -> hnǝi (tei) | |||
* PHM *hlaH 'moon, month' < PTB *s-la -> hla (xia) | |||
* PHM *hməŋH 'night' (also 'dark') < PTB *s-muːŋ 'dark' -> hm(w)ɨŋ(w) (pung) | |||
* PHM *ʔɲam 'sister-in-law' (also 'daughter-in-law') < PTB *nam 'daughter-in-law' -> nam (nam) | |||
* PHM *ʔweiX 'son-in-law' < PTB *krwəy -> kʀǝy (kei, kaei, kai) | |||
* PHM *hlep 'to slice' < PTB *s-lep -> hlǝp (xiap) | |||
* PHM *hmjænX 'footprint, track' < PTB *s-naŋ 'to follow' -> hnaŋ (tang) | |||
* Proto-Hmongic *mjænB 'horse' < PTB *mraŋ -> mraŋ (nang, mang) | |||
==== PHM + OC + Austronesian ==== | |||
* *qǝi, kē (雞), *qayam -> kǝi "chicken" (kei) | |||