User:Ceige/Sako-Katsi-Kezha

Sako

Random sound changes

Sound Changes

• krdeh -> caQTeh -> saqqoh > sako
• skwalos -> cw'alo -> p'al- -> bal-
• suhnus -> fun-, fum-
• wlkwos -> ulpi?

Katsi

Mix of Greek and Mandarin sound changes

Sound Changes

• krdeh -> kartaa -> katsae -> katsi
• skwalos -> mbalo-, sfal-
• suhnus -> giouny
• wlkwos -> giourpo?

Kezha

Mix of Mandarin and Persian sound changes

Sound Changes

• krdeh -> kerTa -> kezha /kuh-drzha/ (zha)
• skwalos -> guole, guale, guolet (guan, kuan, kkuan)
• suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou)
• wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo)
• dngwheh -> ten-kua (gua)
• gwous -> kuo, kou (kuo)
• tawros -> toule (toule?)
• (s)pley -> pp(i)ei
• lendh, londh -> len
• ghebh -> kou, kebe (kou, bo)
• newdh/t -> nou?

alt.:

• platea -> pia-zi
• confirmation -> ken-fanma-zhen

Phonology (see SEA Inspired #1)

Consonants

Initials

Manner	Labial	Dental	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t	k	ʔ
Pre-nasalised Plosives	ⁿp	ⁿt	ⁿk
Geminated Plosives	pp	tt	kk
Nasals	m	n	ŋ
Voiceless Nasals	hm	hn	hŋ
Fricatives	f	s	x	h

Glides

Labial Semivowel	Dental Lateral	Retroflex Rhotic	Palatal Semivowel	Guttural Rhotic
w	l	r	y	ʀ

Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes

	ʔ-	p-	t-	k-	pp-	tt-	kk-	m-	n-	ŋ-	mp-	nt-	ŋk-	f-	s-	x-	h-	Notes
+w	w	p	tw	kw	pp	ttw	kkw	m, w	nw, m	ŋw, m	b	dw	gw	f	s	xw, f	hw, f	Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
+l	l	py	ty	ky	ppy	tty	kky	my, ny	ny, l	ŋy, ny	by	dy	gy	hl	sy, hl	hl	hl	The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+r	r	p	tʂ	k	pp	ttʂ	kk	m, ɳ	ɳ, r	ŋ, ɳ	b	dʐ	g	hr	ʂ, hr	hr	hr	The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+y	y	py	tɕ	ky	ppy	ttɕ	kky	m, ɲ	ɲ, n	ɲ, ŋ	by	dʑ	gy	hy	ɕ, hy	ç, hy	hy	The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
+ʀ	ʀ	p	t	k, q	pp	tt	kk, qq	m, ŋ	n, ŋ	ŋ, ʀ	b	d	g, ɢ	hʀ, f	hʀ, s	hʀ, x	hʀ	Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.

Finals

Manner	Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t	ʈ	c	k	ʔ
Nasals	m	n	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Voiceless Nasals (1)	m̊	n̊	ɳ̊	ɲ̊	ŋ̊
Sonorants	w	l	r	y	ʀ
Voiceless Sonorants (2)	ẘ	l̥	r̊	ẙ	ʀ̊
Fricatives (2)	h

Notes

• (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
• (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.

Common vowel outcomes

Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/

Height	y-	+y	l-	+l	Ø-	+Ø	r-	+r	ʀ-	+ʀ	w-	+w
Closed /ɨ/	i	i	ɨ	ɨ	ɨ	ɨ	ɨ	ɨ	ɯ	ɯ	u	u
Mid /ǝ/	ie	ei	æ	æ	ǝ	ǝ	ǝa	aǝ	ʌ	ʌ	uo	ou
Open /a/	iæ	æi	æ	æ	a	a	ǝa	aǝ	ʌ	ʌ	uɔ	ɔu