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''' | '''Tumaka''' (''tumacca'' /tʰumaka/) is a minority Talmic language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Welsh, Korean and Romani. It is notable for its relatively conservative verb system. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Mutations=== | ===Mutations=== | ||
Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant. (cf. [[Eevo]], where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.) | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Tumaka verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by allomorphy inherited from [[Old Eevo]]. As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often derived by adding a prefix, which causes the verb to take the conjunct form. Most Tumacan verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective. | |||
An example of the aspect allomorphy: | An example of the aspect allomorphy: | ||
Revision as of 11:03, 22 February 2018
Tumaka (tumacca /tʰumaka/) is a minority Talmic language descended from Tigol, inspired by Welsh, Korean and Romani. It is notable for its relatively conservative verb system.
Phonology
Consonants
- cc g c ŋ /k g kʰ ŋ/
- tt d t n /t d tʰ n/
- çç j ç /ts dz tsʰ/
- pp b p m /p b pʰ m/
- ff f ss s (s̉) (s̃) h /f v~fʰ s z~sʰ ʂ ɕ h/
- r l y /r l j/
At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
Vowels
i û u e ô a o /i ɨ u e ə a o/
Stress
Stress is always initial.
Morphology
Mutations
Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant. (cf. Eevo, where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.)
Nouns
Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
- plural absolute: -(e)r
- singular construct: -(e)t
- plural construct: -(e)p
e.g. ccûter 'flower', ccûtrer 'flowers'; ccûffna 'woman', ccûffnar 'women'.
Verbs
Tumaka verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by allomorphy inherited from Old Eevo. As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often derived by adding a prefix, which causes the verb to take the conjunct form. Most Tumacan verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective.
An example of the aspect allomorphy:
- 'to tell': imperfective bongi, perfective simngi
- 'to eat': imperfective ccay, perfective ingccû
The old subject/TAM suffixes have been lost and tense is marked by prefixes.