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==About== | |||
Trying to re-engineer Dhannuá from scratch. | |||
==Sound changes== | |||
===unity=== | |||
#merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | #merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | ||
#: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''* | #: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''*kléwos'' ‘fame’ | ||
#dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | #dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | ||
#: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' | #: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' ‘broken’ | ||
#metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT | #metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT | ||
#: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos'' | #: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos'' ‘bear’ | ||
#loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style) | #loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style) | ||
#: *h₁e → *e~i | #: *h₁e → *e~i | ||
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#: *eh₃ → *ō | #: *eh₃ → *ō | ||
#epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | #epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | ||
#: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' | #: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' ‘seven’ | ||
# Laryngeal collapse: *h₂ *h₃ → *hₔ (*H) | |||
# *h₁ → h /#_V | |||
#loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | #loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | ||
#: *H → *ə | #: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h) | ||
#CVHC → CV̄C | #CVHC → CV̄C | ||
# *iH, *uH → ī, ū / _C | |||
#Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w | #Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w | ||
# *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_ | # *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_ | ||
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# nasal + velar → *nn | # nasal + velar → *nn | ||
# PT, KT join TT in → *ss | # PT, KT join TT in → *ss | ||
#: ''* | #: ''*kəptós'' → ''*kəssós'' ‘taken’ | ||
#merger of *ə and short *a | #merger of *ə and short *a | ||
#fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | #fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | ||
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#lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables | #lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables | ||
#labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V | #labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V | ||
#: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā'' | #: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā'' ‘water’ | ||
#raising of *o after *w | #raising of *o after *w | ||
#:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus'' | #:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus'' ‘god’ | ||
#[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V | #[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V | ||
#lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. | #lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter) | ||
# *s → *z / V_{V #} | # *s → *z / V_{V #} | ||
# *h → Ø / #_{l r} | # *h → Ø / #_{l r} | ||
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#loss of *w before *u | #loss of *w before *u | ||
#: *wī́wus → *wī́uz | #: *wī́wus → *wī́uz | ||
#secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future | #secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future {{sc|1sg}} and replace {{sc|1pl}}, {{sc|2pl}}, {{sc|3pl}}. | ||
#: ''*kā́pyeōn'' < (''*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m''); ''*kā́psyeōn'' ( < ''*keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m'') | #: ''*kā́pyeōn'' < (''*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m''); ''*kā́psyeōn'' ( < ''*keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m'') | ||
#: ''*kāpyéme'' < (''*kh₂p-ye-mé'') | |||
# *ō → *ā | # *ō → *ā | ||
#: ''*kā́psyeōn'' → ''*kā́psyeān'' | #: ''*kā́psyeōn'' → ''*kā́psyeān'' | ||
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#: ''*pā́ksyeān'' → ''*pā́xsyeān'' ‘I will fasten’ ( < ''*ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m'') | #: ''*pā́ksyeān'' → ''*pā́xsyeān'' ‘I will fasten’ ( < ''*ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m'') | ||
# *e → *æ / C_aC | # *e → *æ / C_aC | ||
#: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''* | #: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''*bʰówæyæān'' ‘I warn’ ( < ''*bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m'') | ||
#Shift to strong initial expiratory stress | |||
===end of unity=== | |||
→ [[User:Chrysophylax/pf]] | |||
↓ Dhannic | |||
# *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ (incomplete in insular branch) | |||
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' ‘I seize’ | |||
# *z → *r / V_V, V_# (only insular) | |||
#: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' ‘alive’ | |||
#merger of locative and instrumental cases | |||
# *x → *s / _s | |||
#: ''*péxsyæān'' → ''*péssyæān'' ‘I will slap’ ( < ''*peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m'') | |||
# breaking of stressed open *é → *yá | |||
#: ''*déyur'' → ''*dyáyur'' | |||
# end of *e → *æ lowering | |||
# new case endings: essive ''-ta'', comitative ''-we'' <ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white" | |||
! colspan="5"| *dyáyur 'god' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Nominative | |||
| colspan="2" | *dyáyur || colspan="2" | *dyáywer | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Vocative | |||
| colspan="2" | *dyáyu|| colspan="2" | *dyáywer | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Genitive | |||
| colspan="2" | *dyáyuryor || colspan="2" | *dyáywān | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Accusative | |||
| colspan="2" | *dyáyun || colspan="2" | *dyáyuns | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Dative | |||
| colspan="2" | '''*dyáywei''' || colspan="2" | '''*dyáyuybhor''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Ablative | |||
| colspan="2" | *dyáywiad || colspan="2" | '''*dyáyuybhor''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Locative-Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2" | '''*dyáywei''' || colspan="2" | *dyáyuysu | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Essive | |||
| colspan="2" | *dyáyusta || colspan="2" | *dyáyuysta | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Comitative | |||
| colspan="2" | *dyáyuwe || colspan="2" | *dyáywezwe | |||
|- | |||
|}</ref> | |||
# fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ | |||
#: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' ‘nephew’ | |||
# ''-yā'' (f.) ( < *-yeh₂) forms increase significantly. | |||
# unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction) | |||
#: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' ‘father’ | |||
# contraction | |||
#: *o + *e → *ē | |||
#: *e + *o → *ō | |||
#: *æ, *a + *a, *ā → *ā | |||
#medial -y- loss | |||
#: ''*dyáyusta'' → ''*dyáusta'' ‘like a god’ | |||
#loss of initial *H in clusters. | |||
#: ''*Hrosā'' → ''*rosā'' ( < *Hroseh₂ ) | |||
#shortening of closed long final vowels after a stressed syllable | |||
#: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m) | |||
#vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V | |||
#: ''*dyáur'' → ''*diáur'' | |||
#<s>V:, V:C and VCC become standard</s> | |||
#<s>: ''*wóran'' → ''*wṓrann'' </s> | |||
# *ew → *u: | |||
#: ''*lewmana'' → ''*lūmana'' 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂) | |||
===later developments=== | |||
# *æ → *e | |||
# {{sc|1sg.fut}} is de-iotated by analogy with the {{sc|1sg.pres}} | |||
#: ''*kā́ssjan'' → ''*kā́ssan'' ‘I will seize’ | |||
#loss of middle endings with -r, forms with secondary middle endings win out | |||
#: ''*bʰriágar'' → ''*bʰriága'' ‘I am brought to ruin’ ( < *bʰregh₂ér) | |||
#: ''*bʰriágror'' → ''*bʰriágandho'' ‘they are brought to ruin’ | |||
#Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them. | |||
#: ''*kā́ssan paldʰáron niábhas diáusta lūmanai'' ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey) | |||
#: ''*pā́rssat sān so'' ‘He '''is''' asking her’ vs. ''*so sān pā́rssat'' ‘he asks her’ | |||
#A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies. | |||
#:''*palla'' ‘several fortifications’ → ''*palla'' ‘city’ ( < *tpelHh₂) | |||
#:''*walla'' ‘set of wheels’ → ''*walla'' ‘wagon’ ( < *kʷékʷlh₂) | |||
# syllable bounding *n is lengthened | |||
#: ''*kiasmanar'' → ''*kiasmannar'' ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’) | |||
#loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3. | |||
#:''*aliendʰi'' → ''*aliendʰ'' ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti) | |||
#:''*bʰriágandʰo'' → ''*bʰriágandʰ'' ‘they are brought to ruin’ | |||
===even later=== | |||
# final n is lengthened | |||
#: | |||
===auronian dh.=== | |||
# g → Ø / #_V | |||
#: ombhor ''spike'' < ( *gómbʰos), cf. Úis. ''gomfr'' | |||
===References=== | |||
<references /> |