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===unity=== | ===unity=== | ||
#merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | #merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | ||
#: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''* | #: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''*kléwos'' ‘fame’ | ||
#dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | #dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | ||
#: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' ‘broken’ | #: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' ‘broken’ | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
#epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | #epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | ||
#: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' ‘seven’ | #: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' ‘seven’ | ||
# Laryngeal collapse: *h₂ *h₃ → *hₔ (*H) | |||
# *h₁ → h /#_V | |||
#loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | #loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | ||
#: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h) | #: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h) | ||
#CVHC → CV̄C | #CVHC → CV̄C | ||
# *iH, *uH → ī, ū / _C | |||
#Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w | #Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w | ||
# *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_ | # *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_ | ||
| Line 29: | Line 32: | ||
# nasal + velar → *nn | # nasal + velar → *nn | ||
# PT, KT join TT in → *ss | # PT, KT join TT in → *ss | ||
#: ''* | #: ''*kəptós'' → ''*kəssós'' ‘taken’ | ||
#merger of *ə and short *a | #merger of *ə and short *a | ||
#fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | #fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | ||
| Line 56: | Line 59: | ||
#: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''*bʰówæyæān'' ‘I warn’ ( < ''*bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m'') | #: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''*bʰówæyæān'' ‘I warn’ ( < ''*bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m'') | ||
#Shift to strong initial expiratory stress | #Shift to strong initial expiratory stress | ||
===end of unity=== | ===end of unity=== | ||
# *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ | → [[User:Chrysophylax/pf]] | ||
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' ‘I seize’ | ↓ Dhannic | ||
# *z → *r / V_V, V_# | # *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ (incomplete in insular branch) | ||
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' ‘I seize’ | |||
# *z → *r / V_V, V_# (only insular) | |||
#: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' ‘alive’ | #: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' ‘alive’ | ||
#merger of locative and instrumental cases | #merger of locative and instrumental cases | ||
| Line 103: | Line 109: | ||
# fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ | # fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ | ||
#: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' ‘nephew’ | #: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' ‘nephew’ | ||
# ''-yā'' (f.) ( < *-yeh₂) forms increase significantly. | |||
# unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction) | # unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction) | ||
#: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' ‘father’ | #: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' ‘father’ | ||
| Line 111: | Line 118: | ||
#medial -y- loss | #medial -y- loss | ||
#: ''*dyáyusta'' → ''*dyáusta'' ‘like a god’ | #: ''*dyáyusta'' → ''*dyáusta'' ‘like a god’ | ||
#loss of initial | #loss of initial *H in clusters. | ||
#: ''* | #: ''*Hrosā'' → ''*rosā'' ( < *Hroseh₂ ) | ||
#shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable | #shortening of closed long final vowels after a stressed syllable | ||
#: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m) | #: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m) | ||
#vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V | #vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V | ||
| Line 130: | Line 137: | ||
#: ''*bʰriágror'' → ''*bʰriágandho'' ‘they are brought to ruin’ | #: ''*bʰriágror'' → ''*bʰriágandho'' ‘they are brought to ruin’ | ||
#Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them. | #Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them. | ||
#: ''*kā́ssan | #: ''*kā́ssan paldʰáron niábhas diáusta lūmanai'' ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey) | ||
#: ''*pā́rssat sān so'' ‘He '''is''' asking her’ vs. ''*so sān pā́rssat'' ‘he asks her’ | #: ''*pā́rssat sān so'' ‘He '''is''' asking her’ vs. ''*so sān pā́rssat'' ‘he asks her’ | ||
#A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies. | #A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies. | ||
| Line 138: | Line 145: | ||
#: ''*kiasmanar'' → ''*kiasmannar'' ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’) | #: ''*kiasmanar'' → ''*kiasmannar'' ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’) | ||
#loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3. | #loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3. | ||
#:''* | #:''*aliendʰi'' → ''*aliendʰ'' ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti) | ||
#:''* | #:''*bʰriágandʰo'' → ''*bʰriágandʰ'' ‘they are brought to ruin’ | ||
===even later=== | |||
# final n is lengthened | |||
#: | |||
===auronian dh.=== | |||
# g → Ø / #_V | |||
#: ombhor ''spike'' < ( *gómbʰos), cf. Úis. ''gomfr'' | |||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Latest revision as of 17:38, 2 March 2018
About
Trying to re-engineer Dhannuá from scratch.
Sound changes
unity
- merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]
- *ḱléwos → *kléwos ‘fame’
- dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss
- *bʰreud-tós → *bʰreussós ‘broken’
- metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT
- *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos ‘bear’
- loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)
- *h₁e → *e~i
- *h₂e → *a
- *h₃e → *o
- loss of laryngeal after vowel, same as above but lengthening
- *eh₁ → *ē
- *eh₂ → *ā
- *eh₃ → *ō
- epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants
- *septṃ → *septəm ‘seven’
- Laryngeal collapse: *h₂ *h₃ → *hₔ (*H)
- *h₁ → h /#_V
- loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)
- *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h)
- CVHC → CV̄C
- *iH, *uH → ī, ū / _C
- Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
- *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_
- *st, *sk → *ss
- *m becomes *n before dentals and word finally.
- nasal + velar → *nn
- PT, KT join TT in → *ss
- *kəptós → *kəssós ‘taken’
- merger of *ə and short *a
- fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
- stress is retracted one step
- lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
- labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V
- *ákwā → *áwā ‘water’
- raising of *o after *w
- *déywos → *déywus ‘god’
- [-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
- lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
- *s → *z / V_{V #}
- *h → Ø / #_{l r}
- innovation of future tense from desiderative -s- formation.
- *kā́psyeō ‘I will seize’ ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂)
- loss of *w before *u
- *wī́wus → *wī́uz
- secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future 1sg and replace 1pl, 2pl, 3pl.
- *kā́pyeōn < (*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m); *kā́psyeōn ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m)
- *kāpyéme < (*kh₂p-ye-mé)
- *ō → *ā
- *kā́psyeōn → *kā́psyeān
- P K → f x / V_s
- *pā́ksyeān → *pā́xsyeān ‘I will fasten’ ( < *ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
- *e → *æ / C_aC
- *bʰóweyeān → *bʰówæyæān ‘I warn’ ( < *bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m)
- Shift to strong initial expiratory stress
end of unity
→ User:Chrysophylax/pf ↓ Dhannic
- *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ (incomplete in insular branch)
- *kā́pyæān → *kā́βyæān ‘I seize’
- *z → *r / V_V, V_# (only insular)
- *wī́uz → *wīur ‘alive’
- merger of locative and instrumental cases
- *x → *s / _s
- *péxsyæān → *péssyæān ‘I will slap’ ( < *peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
- breaking of stressed open *é → *yá
- *déyur → *dyáyur
- end of *e → *æ lowering
- new case endings: essive -ta, comitative -we [1]
- fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ
- *néβāt → *nébʰāt ‘nephew’
- -yā (f.) ( < *-yeh₂) forms increase significantly.
- unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction)
- *pádʰēr → *pádʰair ‘father’
- contraction
- *o + *e → *ē
- *e + *o → *ō
- *æ, *a + *a, *ā → *ā
- medial -y- loss
- *dyáyusta → *dyáusta ‘like a god’
- loss of initial *H in clusters.
- *Hrosā → *rosā ( < *Hroseh₂ )
- shortening of closed long final vowels after a stressed syllable
- *wórān → *wóran ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m)
- vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V
- *dyáur → *diáur
V:, V:C and VCC become standard: *wóran → *wṓrann- *ew → *u:
- *lewmana → *lūmana 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂)
later developments
- *æ → *e
- 1sg.fut is de-iotated by analogy with the 1sg.pres
- *kā́ssjan → *kā́ssan ‘I will seize’
- loss of middle endings with -r, forms with secondary middle endings win out
- *bʰriágar → *bʰriága ‘I am brought to ruin’ ( < *bʰregh₂ér)
- *bʰriágror → *bʰriágandho ‘they are brought to ruin’
- Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them.
- *kā́ssan paldʰáron niábhas diáusta lūmanai ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey)
- *pā́rssat sān so ‘He is asking her’ vs. *so sān pā́rssat ‘he asks her’
- A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies.
- *palla ‘several fortifications’ → *palla ‘city’ ( < *tpelHh₂)
- *walla ‘set of wheels’ → *walla ‘wagon’ ( < *kʷékʷlh₂)
- syllable bounding *n is lengthened
- *kiasmanar → *kiasmannar ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’)
- loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3.
- *aliendʰi → *aliendʰ ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti)
- *bʰriágandʰo → *bʰriágandʰ ‘they are brought to ruin’
even later
- final n is lengthened
auronian dh.
- g → Ø / #_V
- ombhor spike < ( *gómbʰos), cf. Úis. gomfr
References
- ^
*dyáyur 'god' Number Singular Plural Nominative *dyáyur *dyáywer Vocative *dyáyu *dyáywer Genitive *dyáyuryor *dyáywān Accusative *dyáyun *dyáyuns Dative *dyáywei *dyáyuybhor Ablative *dyáywiad *dyáyuybhor Locative-Instrumental *dyáywei *dyáyuysu Essive *dyáyusta *dyáyuysta Comitative *dyáyuwe *dyáywezwe