West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions

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The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
===Cases===
===Cases===
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings are shown in the table below:
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below:
:{| class="wikitable"
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Case !! Ending !! Example !! Translation
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | Ending
! colspan="2" | Example
! rowspan="2" | Translation
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Grammatical
! sg !! pl
! sg !! pl
|-
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || – || ''oiva'' || (a) head
! colspan="6" | Grammatical
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || – || ''-k'' || ''oiva'' || ''oivak'' || (a) head
|-
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]
| different || ''oivā'' || head (as an object)
| different || ''-mma'' || ''oivā'' || ''oivamma'' || head (as an object)
|-
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]]
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]]
| ''-ū/-ju'' || ''oivū'' || of (a) head
| ''-ui/-ū/-ju''|| ''-dū'' || ''oivū'' || ''oivadū'' || of (a) head
|-
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]]
| [[w:Dative case|dative]]
| ''-id/-cid'' || ''oivid'' || head (as an indirect object)
| ''-id/-cid'' || ''-īd/-ecid'' || ''oivid'' || ''oivīd'' || head (as an indirect object)
|-
|-
| [[w:Instrumental case|instrumental]]
| [[w:Instrumental case|instrumental]]
| ''-inä'/-ina'' || ''oivina'' || by means of (a) head
| ''-inä'/-ina'' || ''-kīn/-kain'' || ''oivina'' || ''oivakain'' || by means of (a) head
|-
|-
| [[w:Essive case|essive]]
| [[w:Essive case|essive]]
| ''-pä/-pa'' || ''oivapa'' || as (a) head
| ''-pä/-pa'' || ''-ipä/-upa'' || ''oivapa'' || ''oivaupa'' || as (a) head
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Locative  
! colspan="6" | Locative  
|-
|-
| [[w:Inessive case|inessive]] || ''-utu'' || ''oivautu'' || in (a) head
| [[w:Inessive case|inessive]] || ''-utu'' || ''-eutui/-autui'' || ''oivautu'' || ''oivautui'' || in (a) head
|-
|-
| [[w:Adessive case|adessive]] || ''-ie/-uo'' || ''oivuo'' || on (a) head
| [[w:Adessive case|adessive]] || ''-ie/-uo'' || ''-kke/-kko'' || ''oivuo'' || ''oivakko'' || on (a) head
|-
|-
| [[w:Apudessive case|apudessive]] || ''-ve/-vo'' || ''oivavo'' || at/near (a) head
| [[w:Apudessive case|apudessive]] || ''-ve/-vo'' || ''-uhe/-uho'' || ''oivavo'' || ''oivauho'' || at/near (a) head
|-
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Directional
! colspan="6" | Directional
|-
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''-ēn/-oan'' || ''oivoan'' || into (a) head
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''-ēn/-oan'' || ''-kēn/-kōn'' || ''oivoan'' || ''oivakōn'' || into (a) head
|-
|-
| [[w:Lative case|lative]] || ''-ivä/-iva'' || ''oivaiva'' || to (a) head
| [[w:Lative case|lative]] || ''-ivä/-iva'' || ''-kua''|| ''oivaiva'' || ''oivakua'' || to (a) head
|-
|-
| [[w:Allative case|allative]] || ''-ehe/-aho'' || ''oivaho'' || onto (a) head
| [[w:Allative case|allative]] || ''-hei/-'' || ''-kei/-kō''|| ''oivahō'' || ''oivakō'' || onto (a) head
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 17:56, 27 June 2018

In this article various aspects of West Carpathian grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the Oronaic language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.

Nouns

The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: sun is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.

Cases

West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular (sg) and plural (pl) numbers are shown in the table below:

Case Ending Example Translation
sg pl sg pl
Grammatical
nominative -k oiva oivak (a) head
accusative different -mma oivā oivamma head (as an object)
genitive -ui/-ū/-ju -dū oivū oivadū of (a) head
dative -id/-cid -īd/-ecid oivid oivīd head (as an indirect object)
instrumental -inä'/-ina -kīn/-kain oivina oivakain by means of (a) head
essive -pä/-pa -ipä/-upa oivapa oivaupa as (a) head
Locative
inessive -utu -eutui/-autui oivautu oivautui in (a) head
adessive -ie/-uo -kke/-kko oivuo oivakko on (a) head
apudessive -ve/-vo -uhe/-uho oivavo oivauho at/near (a) head
Directional
illative -ēn/-oan -kēn/-kōn oivoan oivakōn into (a) head
lative -ivä/-iva -kua oivaiva oivakua to (a) head
allative -hei/-hō -kei/-kō oivahō oivakō onto (a) head

Pronouns

Verbs