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Khaz: Difference between revisions

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Khaz (view source)

Revision as of 12:16, 6 August 2018

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| s z
| s z
| ʃ
| ʃ
|
| x
| (χ) (ʁ)
| {{IPA|(χ) (ʁ)}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
! colspan="2" | Trill
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  |}
  |}


All vowels come in both long and short variants. Long vowels are written with a circumflex (â, ê, î, ô, û). The length distinction is phonemic, e.g. indicative ''azbâzún'' (‘I write’) versus optative ''azbazún'' (‘That I may write’)
All vowels come in both long and short variants. Long vowels are written with a circumflex (â, ê, î, ô, û). The length distinction is phonemic, e.g. indicative ''azbâzún'' (‘I write’) versus optative ''azbazún'' (‘That I may write’).
 
In some parts of the language there appears to be an opposition between front and back vowels. This “weak” vowel harmony is most prominent in the case-inflection of nouns. Surprisingly, the central open vowel /a/ often agrees with the back vowels.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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|-
|-
! {{sc|3}}
! {{sc|3}}
| iz-
| iz- (''m.'') / izil- (''f.'')
| kariz-
| kariz-
|-
|-
|}
|}
The tense suffixes are invariable. For the present ({{sc|pres}}) add '''-ún''', the future ({{sc|fut}}) '''-án''', and for the past ({{sc|pst}}) '''-át'''.  
The tense suffixes are invariable. For the present ({{sc|pres}}) add '''-ún''', the future ({{sc|fut}}) '''-án''', and for the past ({{sc|past}}) '''-át'''.  


The imperative mood is marked by prefixing ''tar-'' for the second person singular and '''kar-''' for the plural to the optative mood stem. No tense markers are added.
The imperative mood is marked by prefixing ''tar-'' for the second person singular and '''kar-''' for the plural to the optative mood stem. No tense markers are added.
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===Determiners===
===Determiners===
====Definiteness====
====Definiteness====
There is only one definite article ''nâr'' which is invariable for number or case. There is no indefinite article.
There is only one definite article ''nâr'' which is invariable for number and case. There is no indefinite article.
:''nâr zaphrâ ašišidu'' (‘the flower is sort of snowy’)
:''nâr zaphrâ ašišidu'' (‘the flower is sort of snowy’)
It can be combined with several adpositions, similar to languages like Portuguese, albeit with the definite article coming first in the construction.
:''nâra'' (‘to the’ or ‘from the’) from combining with ''aya'' (‘to’) or with ''az'' (‘from’).
:''nârda'' (‘down to the’) from adding ''dala''
:''nârba'' (‘out from the’) from adding ''bakha''
====Demonstratives====
Khaz makes a two-way distinction ('''proximal''' versus '''distal''') among its demonstratives.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Proximal (Close)
!Distal (Far)
|-
| ina || ana
|-
|}


===Personal pronouns===
===Personal pronouns===
The personal pronouns in Khaz are a simple matter. Mostly, they behave like nouns and inflect similarly, with the one major difference being that both the nominative singular and all plural forms inflect using an alternative stem. The third person pronoun also include a distinction for masculine and feminine that parallels the one found in the verbal pronoun prefixes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; align:center;"
|+ First and second person pronouns
|-
|colspan="1"|Person
|colspan="3"|First
|colspan="3"|Second
|-
|colspan="1"|'''Case ↓''' {{Pipe}} '''Number →'''
!Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
!Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|ašaz
|colspan="2"|ašnum
|ušaz
|colspan="2"|ušnum
|-
|Accusative
|azum
|colspan="2"|ašnum
|uzum
|colspan="2"|ušnum
|-
|Possessive
|azûl
|colspan="2"|aškakûl
|uzûl
|colspan="2"|uškakûl
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; align:center;"
|+ Third person pronoun
|-
|colspan="1" |Number
|colspan="2" |Singular
|colspan="2" | Plural
|-
|'''Case ↓''' {{Pipe}} '''Gender →'''
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Masculine
!Feminine
|-
|Nominative
|išaz
|išal
|colspan="2"|išnum
|-
|Accusative
|izum
|izilum
|colspan="2"|išnum
|-
|Possessive
|iškûl
|izilûl
|colspan="2"|iškakûl
|-
|}


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Phrase order===
===Phrase order===
The normal word order is subject-verb-object (SVO). It can however be disrupted for stylistic purpose into the much rarer subject-object-verb (SOV), and lastly into verb-subject-object (VSO).
The normal word order is subject-verb-object (SVO). It can however be disrupted for stylistic purpose into several other orders.
 
{| style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''Ukaba alabbî Yarôkhaza izayârát nâra Azûrem''
|-
|ukaba||a-labb-î||yarôkhaza||iz-a-yâr-át||nâr-a||azûrem
|-
|and_so||{{sc|adlz-adlz\}}low{{sc|-circ}}||wizard||{{sc|3sg.m-mediopass-}}come{{sc|.ind-pst}}||{{sc|def-all}}||island{{sc|:acc.sg}}
|-
|}
“And so the Wizard humbled came to the island”
 
====Focalisation====
=====Verb focus=====
VSO order is used to emphasise the verb phrase.
 
{| style="text-align:center;align:center;"
|+ ''Garku Gôr-Amahhîzôn nâr Arûtulbhimaz''
|-
|gar-šku||gôr-amahhî-zôn||nâr||arûtulbhi-maz
|-
|war-{{sc|ptcp}}||king-knowing-{{sc|nmlz}}||{{sc|def.art}}||traitor-{{sc|acc;pl}}
|-
|}
“It was warring he was, Gôr-Amahhîzôn against the traitors.”
 
=====Object focus=====
To emphasise an object, the object is broken out of the sentence and referred to with ina. The word order of the clause changes to demonstrative-subject-verb.
{| style="text-align:center;align:center;"
|+ ''Aškabhal, ina azbârán''
|-
|aškabhal||ina||az-bâr-án
|-
|apple||{{sc|prox.dem}}||{{sc|1sg-}}eat{{sc|-ind.act-fut}}
|-
|}
“An apple, that's what I'll eat”


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
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|}
|}
“the lord's single wise builder, seeing the stone”
“the lord's single wise builder, seeing the stone”
===Verb phrase===
====Compound verbs====
Compound verbs of the structure V+V are used regularly in Khaz. They are formed by using the verbal participle ({{sc|ptcp}}) of the primary verb followed by a ''light'' verb which carries all the relevant inflections.
{| style="text-align: center;align:center;"
|+ ''išaz khašku izkîbhón''
|-
|išaz||khaz-šku||iz-kîbh-ún
|-
|{{sc|3sg.m.nom}}||speak-{{sc|ptcp}}||{{sc|3sg.m-}}want{{sc|.ind.act-pres}}
|-
|}
::::“he is trying to talk”
====Verb framing====
Khaz is a verb-framing language and often uses a compounding verbal structure to describe manner of motion for verbs.
{| style="text-align: center;align:center;"
|+ ''išal šašku izil-yâphát''
|-
|išal||šar-šku||izil-yâph-át
|-
|{{sc|3sg.f.nom}}||enter-{{sc|ptcp}}||{{sc|3sg.f-}}stumble{{sc|.ind.act-past}}
|-
|}
::::“she entered stumbling”
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[[Category:Khaz]]
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