Atlantic/Older version

Atlantic
ondartigor; ra nimba ondartigora
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|[[ɔndartiˈɡɔr] [ra ˈɲimba ɔndartiˈɡɔra]]]]
Created by	Lili21
Date	May 2018
Setting	Alt-Earth
Ethnicity	Atlantics (ondartigorot)
Native speakers	66,000,000 (2017)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance African Romance Atlantic
Official status
Official language in	Atlantic Provinces

Atlantic, also known as Atlantic Latin or Atlantic Romance, natively ondartigor (ra nimba ondartigora) [ɔndartiˈɡɔr], [ra ˈɲimba ɔndartiˈɡɔra] is a Romance language spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in the Atlantic Provinces (Ondàrtigot [ɔnˈdartigot]), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of Roman history, when the area - including the Atlas Mountains as its main geographical feature - was divided in the provinces of Numidia, Mauretania Caesariensis, and Mauretania Tingitana.

It has various dialects, usually grouped in two main varieties called Mauritanian (muridoinens [muridɔˈɲens]), the one the standard is based on, and Numidian (numigens [numiˈzens] or [numiˈdzens]); some sources distinguish two further variants, Teneréïc (teneriens [teneˈʒens]) and Senegal Riparian (naia-uruminiens [ˌnæjæ.urumiˈɲens]); these two varieties are greatly influenced by the non-Romance languages they coexist with.

Diachronic development

Atlantic is part of its own branch among Romance languages, but shares many common features with Western Romance languages, notably Catalan.

The typical distinctive feature of Atlantic is its shifting of Vulgar Latin vowels which, while not completely unlike to how it developed in Sicilian, has a unique - and easily noticeable - change in having kept long and short /a/ distinct, with (Vulgar) Latin /aː/ being reflected as /o/. This is easily noted for example in all first conjugation verbs, as COMPROBĀRE > cumpuruò "to like" /kumpurˈwo/ or LV̄DITĀRE > nauuidò "to practice" /nau̯wiˈdo/.

Among mid vowels, the short ones were raised to /i u/ while the long ones remained /e o/, cf. TERRA > tira "land, earth, soil", FOCVM > fug "fire", RATIŌNEM > raçon "reason, cause", TRĒS > cet "three (m/f)".

Long vowels /iː uː/ were diphthongized to /ai̯ au̯/ when in open syllables, while they shortened and merged into /i u/ in other cases: LV̄NAM > rauna "moon", VICĪNVM > uiçain "neighbour; close", MAURĪTĀNIAM > Muridonea "Mauritania", NV̄LLIFICĀRE > nuiifigò "to cancel, revoke". Latin /au̯/ had probably merged with /uː/ before, and shifted back to /au̯/ for the same reason, cf. AVRA > *ūra > aura "gold" (plurale tantum); evidence of the shift to /uː/ is given by words where it was unstressed, such as AVGVSTVM > *uuust > uust /wust/ "August".
Original /ai̯ oi̯ eu̯/, meanwhile, all merged into */eː/, following the same development mentioned before (cf. AEDICVLAM > *ēdicula > eìguea /eˈiɡuja/ "house"; EVCHARISTIAM > *ēcaristia > *egarisça > egariça "Eucharist"; POENAM > pena "pain").

Short word-final vowels except for /a/ were lost as in Gallo-Romance, but in some words short vowels, usually /i/ or /u/, were later added again in order to break clusters; typically it was inserted into a -Cr cluster (CASTRVM > *castr > càistur "city", cf. CASTRA > caistra "cities") but after a -NC cluster (QVĪNQVE > *quingui > *pimb > pimbi "five"). /-ts/ (> /s/ today in most dialects) and /s/ + stop clusters were not changed, cf. LACTEM > *nasti > nast "milk".

/l/ completely disappeared from the Vulgar Latin dialects that became Atlantic, often by dissimilation to /r/ before other consonants (cf. (PRŌVINCIĀS) ĀTLANTICĀS > *Ordanticot > Ondàrtigot), and usually by turning into /j/ (after back vowels or /a/) or /w/ (after front vowels), cf. CABALLVM > cauài "horse", MĪLLE > miu "thousand".
Word-initially, it most commonly turned into /n/ – cf. LINGVAM > nimba "language" – but if the word contained an onset nasal, then it turned into /r/, as in LV̄NA > rauna "moon". This is the origin of the two sets of definite articles used in Atlantic, with the usual forms being in and na, but with ir and ra being used if the word they attach to has a nasal in its first syllable (cf. na rauna "the moon" but ra nimba "the language"). Originally this only applied to the feminine article, and if the word had a nasal but in coda it didn't apply, but analogy has extended this to all cases (cf. ir ondartigòr "the Atlantic man").
/l/ changed this way also in the FL- initial cluster, where (just as in FR-) the initial /f/ became first an approximant /w/ and then got fully vocalized to /u/, giving ur- or un- in such words, like FLŌREM > */wnor/ > unor /uˈnor/ "flower" or FLV̄MEN > */wrau̯m/ > uraum /uˈrau̯m/ "river". PL- and CR-, however, consistently became pr- and cr-, which means that /l/ got rhotacized there before it got lost in other places (cf. PLVVIAM > pruia "rain", ECCLĒSIAM > **ecclīsam > icraisa "church").
The -LI- cluster became a simple /j/, perhaps earlier */jj/, blocking the diphthongization of a preceding /uː iː/, as seen in the name of the Atlantic Provinces' second largest city, Iuia Uaìnça < IV̄LIAM VALENTIAM.

/l/ was later reintroduced into the language through Arabic loans and later Latin and Greek learned reborrowings – cf. luua "dialect" from Arabic لغة luḡa.

Atlantic palatalized /k ɡ/ as most Western Romance languages did, to /ts dz/; /ts/ also resulted from -TI- and -TR- (but not -STR-) clusters. These were later deaffricated to /s z/ in most dialects, but a few Numidian ones still retain the affricates. See RATIŌNEM > raçon "reason, cause" /raˈtson/ > /raˈson/, TRIA > cia "three (disj.)" /ˈtsi.a/ > /ˈsi.a/, GELĀRE > giuò "to freeze" /dziˈwo/ > /ziˈwo/. -DI- developed differently depending on whether it was followed by a front or by a non-front vowel. Before non-front vowels, the palatal element was lost so that it developed as regular intervocalic /d/ (see below); before front vowels, it palatalized to /dz/ much like -TI- did; cf. NVMIDIAM > *Numida > Numìua "Numidia" /nuˈmiwa/ and NVMIDIĒNSEM > numigens /numiˈdzens/ > /numiˈzens/ "Numidian".
As mentioned before, -S- blocked -TR- from shifting to /ts/; this /s/ was, in this environment, backed to /ʃ/, orthographically denoted by a preceding i, as in CASTRVM > *castr > */ˈkastur/ > càistur "city" /ˈkaʃtur/. In what is one of the most notable sound changes Atlantic underwent, word-final -S was stopped to /t/, as noticeable in many inflectional morphemes (e.g. pluralizing -ĀS, -ŌS, -ĒS > -ot, -ot, -et).

Intervocalic lenition of stops also follows the Western Romance pattern: unvoiced stops become voiced and voiced stops become fricatives, with original /d/ becoming */ð/ > /w/ and original /ɡ/ becoming */ɣ/ > /w/ or */ɣ/ > /j/ according to nearby vowels:

CAPERE > *cabi > cab "to make an effort to understand"

VĪTAM > uaida "life"

CRVCEM > *crugi > carug "cross"

QVOQVE > *pubi > pub "also"

CABALLVM > *caual > cauai "horse"

PEDEM > *piði > piu "foot" /piu̯/

FRIGIDVM > */wriɣiðu/ > */urijið/ > urìu "cold"

MAGVM > */maɣu/ > mau "nomad"

A preceding nasal prevented the consonant from being lenited, while a preceding /r/ or /l/ didn't, e.g. DIEM MARTIS > gimàrdit "Tuesday". /kt/ and /pt/ clusters were resolved by turning the backmost element to /s/, i.e. to /st/ and /ps/ respectively, see LACTEM > nast "milk"; APTVM > aps "ready".

VI- /wi/ was reduced to /j/ if a vowel followed, as e.g. in VIĀTICVM > iòdig "travel".
Sporadic posttonic syncope led to a range of newer clusters, which were often resolved through assimilation. For example, /mn/ assimilated to /nn/ and /nm/ to /mm/, as in FĒMINAM > *fēmna > fenna "woman"; ANIMAM > *anma > amma "person". Most modern dialects have further degeminated them (Senegal Riparian dialects are the main exception, as are a few ones in the Atlas valleys of Numidia), but they are still represented in the orthography.

Mauritanian palatalization

The so-called Mauritanian palatalization (palataligeoçon muridoinensa) is considered in Atlantic linguistics the main isogloss between Mauritanian and Numidian dialects; this change likely started in the 17th century and was successfully completed in the span of a few generations in the territories of Mauritania. Mauritanian palatalization, both progressive and regressive, was triggered by all instances of /j/, affecting nearby consonants (a very similar change before /i/ happened before and is reflected in all modern Atlantic dialects); the orthography still unambiguously reflects the situation as for a given word, Mauritanian dialects will have a palatalized consonant (not in the phonetic sense of "palatalized") while Numidian dialects will have /j/ and a "regular" consonant.
Mauritanian palatalization resulted in the following changes:

/t d/ > /tʃ dʒ/, cf. fuit "he was" (Mauritanian /futʃ/, Numidian /fui̯t/), nàidur "shore" (Maur. /ˈnadʒur/, Num. /ˈnai̯dur/).

/n/ > /ɲ/, cf. uiçain "neighbour" (Maur. /wiˈsaɲ/, Num. /wiˈ(t)sai̯n/). Historic /ni/ > /ɲi/ is, however, universal across the Atlantic-speaking world and therefore not a part of Mauritanian palatalization; this change is still productive and even found in loanwords.

/r/ > /ʒ/, cf. Uiolarea, capital city of the Atlantic Provinces (Maur. /ujoˈlaʒa/, Num. /ujoˈlarja/). This change also happened, as part of Mauritanian palatalization, before /i/; Numidian still has /r/ before /i/, cf. riduòi "ritual" Maur. /ʒiˈdwoi̯/, Num. /riˈdwoi̯/.

/s/ > /ʃ/, but /s/ from /ts/ was not affected (suggesting that deaffrication likely happened later), cf. fuist "you were" (Maur. /fuʃt/, Num. /fui̯st/), Osea "Asia" (Maur. /ˈoʃa/, Num. /ˈosja/).

/l/ > /ʎ/, cf. sail "flood" (Maur. /saʎ/, Num. /sai̯l/), Iulea, proper name (Maur. /ˈjuʎa/, Num. /ˈjulja/).

Phonology

Consonants

Atlantic's consonant inventory is similar to those of other major Romance languages such as Italian, Catalan, or Portuguese. Mauritanian and Numidian dialects have slightly different inventories, mostly because of Mauritanian palatalization.

→ PoA ↓ Manner		Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasals		m m		n n		ni~in ɲ
Plosives	Voiceless	p p		t t			c~q k
	Voiced	b b		d d			g g
Affricates	Voiceless			ç~ci~ce ts1	ti~it tʃ2
	Voiced			gi~ge~ig dz3	di~id dʒ2
Fricatives	Voiceless		f f	s(~ç) s	si~is ʃ
	Voiced			s(~g) z	ri~ir ʒ2
Laterals				l l		li~il ʎ2
Trill				r r
Approximants		u w				i j

Table notes:

1. Only in some mountain Numidian dialects; merged with /s/ in most others.
2. Mauritanian dialects only.
3. Only in some mountain Numidian dialects; merged with /z/ in most others.

Palatal consonants, in Mauritanian and Senegal Riparian dialects, are realized as palatalized alveolars before other alveolar consonants, as in paindig "fifteen" /ˈpaɲdiz/ [ˈpanʲdiz]. In Numidian and Ténéréïc dialects they never occur before consonants.

Vowels

Atlantic has a common five-vowel system, with [ɛ ɔ] being stressed allophones of /e o/ respectively. Vowel+approximant sequences are analyzed as vowel+consonant, mostly because of their development in Mauritanian dialects. In most dialects, /a/ is fronted to [æ] when adjacent to any palatal or alveolo-palatal consonant (e.g. Naia [ˈnæjæ] (← NĪAM) "Senegal River")

	Front	Central	Back
High	i i		u u
Mid	e e		o o
Low		a ä

Note that /ä/ is usually transcribed as /a/.

Orthography

Atlantic is written using the Latin alphabet, but with conventions quite different from other Romance languages:

• i and u may both represent vowels or consonants (v does not exist in the standard Atlantic alphabet); they represent /j/ (actual or historic) and /w/ near vowels, and /i u/ near consonants.

  The sequence /ja/ is written as ea.

• The sequences /ka ga ku gu ko go/ are, as in most Romance languages, written ca ga cu gu co go; the sequences ce ge ci gi represent /(t)se (d)ze (t)si (d)zi/. The "inverse" value of those letters is represented as follows:

  ça ço çu gea geo geu /(t)sa (t)so (t)su (d)za (d)zo (d)zu/;

  qe qi goe goi /ke ki ge gi/;

  The common word ending -ig represents /i(d)z/.

• A grave accent is put on any stressed vowel which is not in the last syllable, unless the word ends with a vowel or the plural marker -ot. The ìu and ùi diphthongs are stressed even in the last syllable (to prevent them being mistaken with /ju wi/ respectively), as is any other diphthong if preceded by /w/ or /j/, itself preceded by another consonant (i.e. uaida "life" (Maur. /ˈwadʒa/, Num. /ˈwai̯da/) does not need a stress mark).
  Note that "diphthong" here is defined as a historic and a written diphthong, i.e. including those that resulted in Mauritanian palatalization.

Morphology

Articles

Unlike neighboring Ibero-Romance languages, but like most Gallo-Romance ones, as well as Italian, Atlantic has three series of articles: definite (artìcul determinont), indefinite (artìcul indeterminont), and partitive (artìcul parçoir), the plural forms of the latter doubling as plural indefinite articles.

Class	Masculine Sg.	Feminine Sg.	Plural
Definite articles (artìculot determinontot)	in*, ir	na, ra	not, rot
Indefinite articles (artìculot indeterminontot)	aun	auna	dinot, dirot
Partitive articles (artìculot parçoirot)	din*, dir	dina, dira

The forms with -r- are used instead of those in -n- if the first syllable of the noun includes a nasal consonant:

in curbur, not curburot, dinot curburot "the body, the bodies, some bodies" but ir nàidur, rot nàidurot, dirot nàidurot "the shore, the shores, some shores"

na uçora, not uçorot, dinot uçorot "the wife, the wives, some wives" but ra nimba, rot nimbot, dirot nimbot "the language, the languages, some languages"

The articles in and din, furthermore, assimilate their consonant to a following /t d s ʃ l/ as (d)it, (d)id, (d)is, (d)is, (d)il:

it test "the roof", id did "the finger", is suc "the market", is siampain "the champagne", il laus "the almond".

Nouns

Atlantic nouns do not decline for case and are only inflected for number.

Grammatical gender is a pervasive feature of Atlantic morphology but, due to the loss of most final vowels, often there is no synchronic rule to determine the gender of the noun directly from its form; some particular word-forming suffixes are however always of the same gender, as for example the always feminine -òdig (< -ĀTICVM; cf. na iòdig "the journey", na curòdig "courage"). Loss of Latin neuter and reassignment of those nouns to other genders often applied in different ways than in other Romance languages, so for example there's feminine ra nom "the name" (< NŌMEN) and na raum "the river" (< FLV̄MEN), and masculine it tìmpur "the time" (< reanalyzed nom/acc stem *temp-or, a regular development in Atlantic, see also in gìnir "the type" < *gen-er, ir nàidur "the shore" < *līt-or, in cùrbur "the body" < *corp-or).
Despite this, some feminine words not ending with -a in Latin were modified in order to end that way, a notable example being na uçora (< *uxōram < VXŌREM) "the wife".

Pluralization patterns

Atlantic has four different pluralization patterns (traditionally still referred to as "declensions" (decrinoçonet) by native grammarians), but for three of them it is not possible to predict which one is used just from the singular form. Only the first and second, however, are productive:

Declension	Singular marker	Plural marker	Scope
First declension prima decrinoçon	-a	-ot	Almost all feminine nouns, a few masculines
Second declension siguna decrinoçon	-∅		Masculine nouns (their majority)
Third declension tirça decrinoçon		-a	Masculine nouns
Fourth declension porda decrinoçon		-et	Masculine and feminine nouns

Their numeration only partially reflects the Latin system: while the first and second Atlantic declensions generally continue the same-numbered Latin ones, the third Atlantic declension is a catch-all for neuters-turned-masculines (all neuters-turned-feminines have been reanalyzed), while the fourth Atlantic declension corresponds to the Latin third. Examples of plurals:

• The first declension mostly continues Latin first declension feminine nouns:

  CANDĒLAM, CANDĒLĀS → candeua, candeuot "candle, candles"

  AQVAM, AQVĀS → aba, abot "water, waters"

  Some are Greek neuter nouns in -a which were generalized in the plural to be in *-ās instead of -ta, and shifted to the feminine class:

  BAPTISMA, *baptismās → bapsima, bapsimot "baptism, baptisms"

  LV̄MINA, plural of LV̄MEN, was reanalyzed as a feminine singular noun raumina "light" with the regular plural *lūminās → rauminot "lights"

  Greek masculine nouns in -a still follow this declension (e.g. all -ista → -istot), as do the following two masculine exceptions:

  AGRICOLAM, AGRICOLĀS → arìguea, arìguiot "farmer, farmers"

  NAVTAM, NAVTĀS → nauda, naudot "sailor, sailors"

  Borrowings ending in -a are analyzed as feminine nouns of this declension:

  Arabic برقوقة barqūqah → barcuga, barcugot "plum, plums"

  Ar. ولاية wilāyah → uilaea, uilaiot "region, regions"

• The second declension continues Latin second declension masculine nouns and reanalyzed fourth declension ones (with two exceptions noted below):

  PVERVM, PVERŌS → puir, puirot "boy, boys"

  AGRVM, AGRŌS → ar, arot "field, fields"

  PORTVM, *portōs → pùrid, pùridot (arch. pùrdot) "port, ports"

  Virtually all borrowings not ending in -a are analyzed as masculine nouns of this declension:

  Berber ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ agadir → agàdir, agàdirot "castle, castles"

  Arabic سوق sūq → suc, sucot "market, markets"

• The third declension, as mentioned before, contains all nouns which were originally neuter in Latin, independent of their declension, which were reanalyzed as masculines and therefore kept the -a plural ending. This declension includes all Latin third declension nouns following the TEMPVS, TEMPORA pattern, where the -or- or equivalent marker was reanalyzed as part of the stem even in the form that became the singular:

  AVXILIVM, AVXILIA → ucì, ucia "aid, aids"

  SAXVM, SAXA → saç, saça "stone, stones"

  PECV̄, PECVA → pìgu, pìgua "pet, pets"

  *lītor, LĪTORA → nàidur, nàidura "shore, shores"

  *pector, PECTORA → pìstur, pìstura "chest, chests"

• The fourth declension in Atlantic corresponds to the third one in Latin, and therefore contains both masculine and feminine nouns:

  AMŌREM, AMŌRĒS → amor, amoret "love; romantic affair, affairs" (m)

  DVCEM, DVCĒS → dug, duget "landlord, landlords" (m)

  LĪMITEM, LĪMITĒS → ràimid, ràimidet "border, borders" (m)

  FLŌREM, FLŌRĒS → unor, unoret "flower, flowers" (f)

  NIVEM, NIVĒS → nìu, nìuet "cold; cold day, cold days; snow, snows" (f)

  This declension also includes all neuters (mostly in -EN) which were reanalyzed as feminine:

  FLV̄MEN, FLV̄MINA → *flūm-em, *flūm-ēs → uraum, uraumet "river, rivers" (f)

  FVLMEN, FVLMINA → *fulm-em, *fulm-ēs → fùrim, fùrimet "lightning bolt, lightning bolts" (f)

  All Latin fifth declension nouns were also reanalyzed as feminine nouns of this declension:

  EFFIGIEM, EFFIGIĒS → ifìu, ifìuet "portrait, portraits" (f)

  DIEM, DIĒS → di, dìet "day, days" (f)

  Two lone feminine nouns of the Latin fourth declension remained feminine and therefore were reanalyzed according to this pattern:

  DOMVM, *domēs → dum, dumet "palace, palaces" (f)

  MANVM, *manēs → man, manet "hand, hands" (f)

The following five nouns are considered irregular, as they do not fit any of the patterns above; however, they were all regular in Latin:

• NŌMEN, NŌMINA → nom, nomina "name, names" (f)
• MARE, MARIA → mar, marea "sea, seas" (f)
• REM, RĒS → ri, ret "object, objects" (f)
• HOMŌ, HOMINĒS → om, unnet "man, men" (m)
• ITER, ITINERA → ìdir, idìnira "way(s), route(s), passage(s)" (m)

Adjectives

All Atlantic adjectives follow the first declination where feminine and the second one when masculine; they are therefore indistinguishable in the plural:

àrud "tall (m)", arda (f), ardot (pl)

cìur "fast (m)" (< CELEREM), cìura (f), cìurot (pl)

sant "saint (m)", santa (f), santot (pl)

saìr "small (m)" (< Ar. صغير ṣaḡīr), saìra (f), saìrot (pl)

Pronouns

Atlantic personal pronouns still distinguish case: the 1SG and 2SG pronouns have two different forms for the nominative and accusative, while all other ones have a nominative form which doubles as a stressed (tonic) accusative; all pronouns have one or more unstressed (atonic) accusative forms, as well as a dative one. The nominative and accusative forms of 1SG and 2SG derive, actually, from Latin accusative and genitive respectively. The third person pronouns derive their nominative/tonic accusative form from illum, illam, illōs, illās, while the other forms are from the declension of is, ea, eī:

Person	Nominative	Accusative (tonic)	Accusative (atonic)	Dative	Possessive pronoun/adjective
1SG	me	mai	-im, -m	mai	mu, mia, miiot
2SG	te	toi	-it, -t	tìu	tu, tùa, tuuot
3SG masc.	ai		-ir	ii	eu
3SG femm	aea		-a
1PL	not		-un, -n	nouit	nùistur, nuistra, nuistrot
2PL	but		-üi	buuit	bùistur, buistra, buistrot
3SG	aiot		-iot	eit	ior
REFL.	—	se	-is, -s	sìu	su, sia, siiot

The atonic accusative form is regularly used after verbs:

• cumiu-a "I eat it"
• su cumeuura "I (m.) will eat it"

It is also used, in all levels of formality (unlike many other Romance languages, which only allow this in very formal speech), after active participles, even when used as adjectives:

• ir om cumiuenta "the man eating it"
• ir om cumeuura "the man that will be eating it"

In informal Atlantic, this form is replacing the dative:

• (standard) do-a tìu "I give it to you"; su dadura(-a) tìu "I (f.) will give (it) to you"
• (informal) dòt "I give to you" su dadurat "I (f?) will give (it?) to you"

The atonic accusative of the reflexive pronoun is used in order to build the reflexive form for all persons (example verb: èiu-is /ejwiʃ/ "to wash oneself" < *ĒLUERE SĒ):

• (me) èiuus "I wash myself"
• (te) èiuitis "you wash yourself"
• (ai) èiuis "he washes himself"

Similarly, the reflexive possessive is mandatory for third person subjects; however, it is (prescriptively) not used in the first and second (except for, notably, the contemporary dialects of Tingis and far northern Mauritania):

• ai uii su padir "he sees his own father"
• ai uii eu padir "he sees his (someone else's)/her father"
• me uig mu padir "I see my father"; me uig eu padir "I see his/her father"; me uig su padir (TING.) "I see my father"

Prepositions (both merging and free-standing) require the tonic accusative after them:

• pro "for": pro mai, pro toi, pro ai...
• e "in": imai, itoi, inai, inaea, inòt, iuòt, inaiot

Demonstratives

There are two distinct series of demonstratives: a proximal and a distal one; however, Numidian has a different formation for the proximal when compared to other dialects. All of them are different from those used in the rest of the Romance-speaking world: the words for "this, these" derive from the locutions ILLVM HĪC, ILLAM HĪC, ILLŌS HĪC (in Mauritanian; in Numidian from HVNC HĪC, HANC HĪC, HŌS HĪC); those for "that, those" from ILLVM IBĪ, ILLAM IBĪ, ILLŌS IBĪ.

	This (Maurit.) nuic	This (Numid.) ùnci	That niui
Masc. sg.	nuic /nus/	ùnci	niui
Femm. sg.	naic /nas/	ànci	naui
Plural	nòisic /ˈnoʃis/	òsi	nòisui

Prepositions

List of the most common Atlantic prepositions:

• di "of"
• e "in" (imb before vocalic u; ind before other vowels)
• pro "for"

Verbs

Atlantic is particularly conservative in its verbal system in keeping distinct all four conjugations of Latin in all forms except the past subjunctive. However, it did not develop neither a synthetic future nor a synthetic conditional, and it evolved an evidentiality distinction in the past between a witnessed past (analytic, built with the present of "to be" and the present active participle) and a renarrative past (synthetic, continuing the Latin perfect forms).

Table of conjugational endings:

Present indicative
	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation	4th conjugation
Infinitive	-ò	-è	-∅	-ài
1SG	-∅	-iu /ju/	-∅	-iu /ju/
2SG	-ot	-et	-it
3SG	-a	-i	-∅	-i
1PL	-om	-em	-im	-aim
2PL	-oç	-eç	-iç	-aiç
3PL	-ant	-int	-unt	-iunt /junt/
Imperfect indicative
	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation	4th conjugation
1SG	-oua	-eua	-iua /iwa/	-ieua /jewa/
2SG	-auot	-iuot /iwot/		-ieuot /jewot/
3SG	-au	-iu /iw/		-ieu /jew/
1PL	-auom	-iuom /iwom/		-ieuom /jewom/
2PL	-auoç	-iwoç /iwo(t)s/		-ieuoç /jewo(t)s/
3PL	-auant	-iuant /iwant/	-iuunt /iwunt/	-ieuant /jewant/
Renarrative past
	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation (most verbs are irregular)	4th conjugation
1SG	-oi	-ùi	-ì
2SG	-oist	-ùist	-ist
3SG	-oit	-ùit	-ìt
1PL	-ouim	-ùim	-ìm
2PL	-ouiç	-ùiç	-ìç
3PL	-àurunt	-ùirunt	-erunt	-ìurunt
Present subjunctive
	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation	4th conjugation
1SG	-∅	-i	-a	-ea /ja/
2SG	-et	-iot	-ot	-iot
3SG	-i	-ea	-a	-ea
1PL	-em	-iòm	-òm	-iòm
2PL	-eç	-iòç	-òç	-iòç
3PL	-ent	-eant	-ant	-eant
Past subjunctive
	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation (most verbs are irregular)	4th conjugation
1SG	-òir	-ùir	-ìur
2SG	-òirit	-ùirit	-ìurit
3SG	-òiri	-ùiri	-ìuri
1PL	-ourìm	-uirìm	-iurìm /iwˈrim/
2PL	-ourìç	-uirìç	-iurìç /iwˈri(t)s/
3PL	-òurint	-ùirint	-ìurint

Example 1st conjugation verb: capsò "to get" ← CAPTĀRE

Person	Indicative					Subjunctive
	Present	Imperfect	Past	Inferential Past	Future	Present	Past
1SG	caps	capsoua	fui capsont(a)	capsoi	su capsadur(a)	caps	capsòir
2SG	càpsot	capsàuot	fuist capsont(a)	capsoist	es capsadur(a)	càpset	capsòirit
3SG	càpsa	capsau	fuit capsont(a)	capsoit	ist capsadur(a)	càpsi	capsòiri
1PL	capsom	capsauom	fuim capsontot	capsòuim	sum capsadurot	capsem	capsourìm
2PL	capsoç	capsàuoç	fuiç capsontot	capsòuiç	sest capsadurot	capseç	capsourìç
3PL	càpsant	capsàuant	fùirunt capsontot	capsàurunt	sunt capsadurot	càpsent	capsòurint
Active participles	capsont	–			capsadur
Passive participles	–		capsod		capsand

Example 2nd conjugation verb: muriè "to take" ← MVLGĒRE

Person	Indicative					Subjunctive
	Present	Imperfect	Past	Inferential Past	Future	Present	Past
1SG	muriu	murieua	fui murient(a)	muriùi	su muisur(a)	murii	muriùir
2SG	mùriet	muriìuot	fuist murient(a)	muriùist	es muisur(a)	mùriot	muriùirit
3SG	murii	muriìu	fuit murient(a)	muriùit	ist muisur(a)	mùrea	muriùiri
1PL	muriem	muriìuom	fuim murientot	muriùim	sum muisurot	muriom	muriuirìm
2PL	murieç	muriìuoç	fuiç murientot	muriùiç	sest muisurot	murioç	muriuirìç
3PL	muriint	muriìuant	fùirunt murientot	muriùirunt	sunt muisurot	mùreant	muriùirint
Active participles	murient	–			muisur*
Passive participles	–		muis*		muriind

Example 3rd conjugation verb: acib "to receive, get" ← ACCIPERE

Person	Indicative					Subjunctive
	Present	Imperfect	Past	Inferential Past	Future	Present	Past
1SG	acib	acibiua	fui acibent(a)	acibì	su acipsur(a)	aciba	acibìur
2SG	acìbit	acibìuot	fuist acibent(a)	acibist	es acipsur(a)	acìbot	acibìurit
3SG	acib	acibìu	fuit acibent(a)	acibit	ist acipsur(a)	aciba	acibìuri
1PL	acibim	acibìuom	fuim acibentot	acibìm	sum acipsurot	acibom	acibiurim
2PL	acibiç	acibìuoç	fuiç acibentot	acibìç	sest acipsurot	aciboç	acibiuriç
3PL	acìbunt	acibìuunt	fùirunt acibentot	acibèrunt	sunt acipsurot	acìbant	acibìurint
Active participles	acibent	–			acipsur*
Passive participles	–		acips*		acibind

Example 4th conjugation verb: renài "to soften, cool down" ← LĒNĪRE

Person	Indicative					Subjunctive
	Present	Imperfect	Past	Inferential Past	Future	Present	Past
1SG	reniu	renieua	fui renient(a)	renì	su renidur(a)	renea	renìur
2SG	rènit	renièuot	fuist renient(a)	renist	es renidur(a)	rèniot	renìurit
3SG	reni	renièu	fuit renient(a)	renit	ist renidur(a)	renea	renìuri
1PL	renaim	renièuom	fuim renientot	renim	sum renidurot	reniom	reniurim
2PL	renaiç	renièuoç	fuiç renientot	reniç	sest renidurot	renioç	reniuriç
3PL	rèniunt	renièuant	fùirunt renientot	renìurunt	sunt renidurot	rèneant	renìurint
Active participles	renient	–			renidur
Passive participles	–		renid		renind

Suppletive verbs

To be

As common among Romance languages, "to be" is irregular in Atlantic. Like in Iberian Romance, some forms were taken from the conjugation of SEDEŌ "to sit" (with a new, stative verb *SEDITŌ being developed for that meaning); however, there is only one copulative verb, without the general Iberian distinction between essence and state: siuè /ʃiˈwe/ is used for both. However, there are two forms of the future: the one with the sisur participle (< SESSV̄RVM) is used when the meaning is "to be in a place", while the fudur (< FVTV̄RVM) is used in all other cases, cf.:

Sàmbad i geumiga su sisur imb Urumbi. "On Saturday and Sunday I'll be in Volubilis."

Su fudur auna aistreia! "I will be a star!"

siuè "to be"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive
	Present	Imperfect	Past	Future	Present	Past
1SG	su	ira	fui	su fudur(a) su sisur(a)	sim	fìur
2SG	es	irot	fuist	es fudur(a) es sisur(a)	siai	fìurit
3SG	ist	irat	fuit	ist fudur(a) ist sisur(a)	si	fìuri
1PL	sum	irom	fuim	sum fudurot sum sisurot	siaim	fiurim
2PL	sest	iroç	fuiç	sest fudurot sest sisurot	siaiç	fiuriç
3PL	sunt	irant	fùirunt	sunt fudurot sunt sisurot	sint	fìurint
Participles	siuent	–		fudur sisur	–

To go

The verb "to go" in Atlantic is uoi. The infinitive and both presents (incl. participle) are from VĀDERE; other forms from ĪRE. The 2SG, 1PL, and 2PL forms of the present also underwent contraction; the earliest texts show the expected forms uoiit, uoiim, uoiiç.

uoi "to go"

Person	Indicative					Subjunctive
	Present	Imperfect	Past	Ren. Past	Future	Present	Past
1SG	uoi	ieua	fui uoient(a)	iai	su idur(a)	uoia	aiìur
2SG	uoit	ieuot	fuist uoient(a)	aist	es idur(a)	uoiot	aiìurit
3SG	uoi	ieu	fuit uoient(a)	aiit	ist idur(a)	uoia	aiìuri
1PL	uoim	ieuom	fuim uoientot	aiim	sum idurot	uoiom	aiiurim
2PL	uoiç	ieuoç	fuiç uoientot	aiiç	sest idurot	uoioç	aiiuriç
3PL	uoiunt	ieuant	fùirunt uoientot	aièrunt	sunt idurot	uòiant	aiìurint
Participles	uoient	–			idur

To bring

The Atlantic verb for "to bring" is irregular fir, directly inherited from Latin FERRE "to carry":

fir "to bring"

Person	Indicative					Subjunctive
	Present	Imperfect	Past	Ren. Past	Future	Present	Past
1SG	fir	firiua	fui firent(a)	tui	su nodur(a)	fira	tuiìur
2SG	fìrit	firiuot	fuist firent(a)	tuiist	es nodur(a)	firot	tuiìurit
3SG	fir	firìu	fuit firent(a)	tuiit	ist nodur(a)	fira	tuiìuri
1PL	firim	firìuom	fuim firentot	tuiim	sum nodurot	firom	tuiiurim
2PL	firiç	firìuoç	fuiç firentot	tuiiç	sest nodurot	firoç	tuiiuriç
3PL	fìrunt	firìuant	fùirunt firentot	tuièrunt	sunt nodurot	fìrant	tuiìurint
Active participles	firent	–			nodur
Active participles			nod		firind

Numerals

Atlantic cardinal numerals are partially directly inherited from Latin (1-15, 17, and most tens and hundreds) and partially rebuilt on post-Vulgar Latin roots, especially where the numbers would have otherwise become too similar if not identical (as would have been the case with 13 and 16; the apparent irregularity in 7 is also a consequence of this, as *sips would have been too similar to siç). All numerals ending in 2 and 3 (except 12 and 13), as well as all hundreds except for 100, have a distinct form used only in disjunctive counting, derived from the Latin neuter.

0-9

Digit	Cardinal
1	(m) aun, (f) auna
2	(m) dut, (f) dot DISJ. du
3	(m/f) cet DISJ. cia
4	pàtur
5	pimbi
6	siç
7	saps
8	ust
9	nuu

10-19

Digit	Cardinal
10	dig
11	àundig
12	dùuig
13	cìuig
14	pàturuig
15	pàindig
16	sèstig
17	sàpstig
18	ustòndig
19	nìndig

Tens

Digit	Cardinal
20	uint
30	cìuint
40	paròuint
50	pimbòuint
60	siçòuint
70	sipsòuint
80	ustòuint
90	nonòuint

Hundreds

Digit	Cardinal
100	cint
200	dugint DISJ. duginta
300	cigint DISJ. ciginta
400	paturgint DISJ. paturginta
500	pimbagint DISJ. pimbaginta
600	sisagint DISJ. sisaginta
700	sipsingint DISJ. sipsinginta
800	ustingint DISJ. ustinginta
900	nongint DISJ. nonginta
1000	mìu

Vocabulary

Months of the year, days of the week

Month names (rot menset dir an) in Atlantic are, except for the first five, quite different from the standard set used in other Romance languages, even though their origin is often semantically similar (though etymologically different, except for September) to Sardinian.

English	Atlantic	Origin
January	iamboir	Latin IANVĀRIVM
February	fiuroir	Lat. FEBRVĀRIVM
March	març	Lat. MARTIVM
April	arbìu	Lat. APRĪLEM, through early dissimilation to *arpīl.
May	moi	Lat. MĀIVM
June	sançuàint	Lat. (MĒNSEM) SANCTĪ IOANNĒS
July	citurçon	Lat. (MĒNSEM) TRĪTV̄RATIŌNIS "month of threshing".
August	sunçon	Lat. (MĒNSEM) ASSV̄MPTIŌNIS
September	cabudain	Lat. CAPVT ANNĪ
October	nuriçon	Lat. (MĒNSEM) NV̄TRĪTIŌNIS, referring to manure
November	unniusantor	Lat. (MĒNSEM) OMNIVM SANCTŌRVM
December	nodoi	Lat. (MĒNSEM) NĀTĀLIS

Days of the week (not dìet dina sipsamà) follow the ecclesiastic terminology also used by Portuguese and Galician; note the initial /z/ in the word for Sunday that points to DIEM DOMINICAM > *diðuminga > /zuˈmiɡa/:

English	Atlantic
Sunday	geumiga
Monday	fereasiguna
Tuesday	fereatirça
Wednesday	fereaporda
Thursday	fereapinta
Friday	fereasiça
Saturday	sàmbad

Cardinal points and continents

The cardinal points in Atlantic are Arabic borrowings, but their related adjectives are Latin:

• North: seamal, northern: buriòi
• East: seàruc, eastern: urintòi
• South: geanub, southern: oistròi
• West: àrub, western: uciuintòi

The names for Europe, Africa, and Asia are inherited from the Latin spoken in ancient times; the others are recent borrowings, but with the words for America and Antarctica sculpted after the one for Africa, and the one for Oceania sculpted on the cognate root ogein.

• Africa: Òfriga – African: òfir (f. òfira, arch. ofra)
• Europe: Eroba – European: erobens
• Asia: Osea – Asian: osion or osiòtig
• North America: Amèriga Burioea – North American: seamal-amerigens /-ameriˈzens/
• South America: Amèriga Oistroea – South American: geanub-amerigens
• Oceania: Ogeianea /ozeˈjaɲa/ – Oceanian: ogeianiens /ozejaˈɲens/
• Antarctica: Antàrtiga – Antarctic: antartigens /antartiˈzens/

Colours

Of the 11 basic colours in Atlantic, only four of them derive from Latin roots (ĀTRVM > oç; LIGNEVM > rin; *AMARELLVM > marìu; CANDIDVM > càndiu); all others are Arabic loanwords.

English	Atlantic	Prototypical example
Black	oç, oça / oçot
Blue	arsac, arsaca / arsacot
Brown	rin, rinea / riniot
Gray	ramadi, ramadea / ramadiot
Green	marìu, maria / marìot
Orange	ranaing, ranaingea / ranaingiot
Pink	uardì, uardia / uardìot
Red	qirmis, qirmisea / qirmisiot
Violet	nìlac, nìlaca / nìlacot
White	càndiu, càndiua / càndiuot
Yellow	asfar, asfara / asfarot