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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====1st declension (masculine)==== | |||
The first declension of Lifashian contains most masculine nouns, inherited or borrowed. The nominative singular, citation form, ends in ''-as'', ''-s'', ''-sy'', or has no ending. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''mísy'' (√míˤsy-) "moon, month"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| mísy || mísy'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| mísy'''é''' || mísy'''ám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| mísy'''í''' || mísy'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| mísy'''om''' || mísy'''ás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''bíras'' (√bíˤr-) "husband"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| bír'''as''' || bír'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| bír'''é''' || bír'''ám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| bír'''í''' || bír'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| bír'''om''' || bír'''ás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''liws'' (√liw-) "god, God"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| liw'''s''' || liw'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| liw'''é''' || liw'''ám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| liw'''í''' || liw'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| liw'''om''' || liw'''ás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''bátur'' (√bátur-) "man"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| bátur || bátur'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| bátur'''é''' || bátur'''ám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| bátur'''í''' || bátur'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| bátur'''om''' || bátur'''ás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====2nd declension (feminine)==== | |||
The second declension contains most feminine nouns. Their citation form always ends in '''-á'''. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''líssyá'' (√líssy-) "rain"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| líssy'''á''' || líssy'''ehes''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| líssy'''ehi''' || líssy'''ehám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| líssy'''ehí''' || líssy'''ábi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| líssy'''am''' || líssy'''ehás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''ninfá'' (√ninf-) "woman"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| ninf'''á''' || ninf'''ehes''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ninf'''ehi''' || ninf'''ehám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| ninf'''ehí''' || ninf'''ábi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ninf'''am''' || ninf'''ehás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====3rd declension (neuter)==== | |||
The third declension contains nearly all neuter nouns, and its forms in the genitive and dative are identical to the first declension. Its citation form ends in ''-am'' for all native words and some borrowings, or in a vowel plus ''-n'' in other borrowings. Such ''-n'' was often part of the stem in the donor language, but has been treated as an inflection in Lifashian. | |||
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{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''biryam'' (√biry-) "action, operation, work, job, task"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| biry'''am''' || biry'''á''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| biry'''é''' || biry'''ám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| biry'''í''' || biry'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| biry'''am''' || biry'''á''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''zimestán'' (√zimestá-) "winter"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| zimestá'''n''' || zimest'''á''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| zimestá'''e''' || zimestá'''m''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| zimestá'''i''' || zimestá'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| zimestá'''am''' || zimest'''á''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====4th declension (masculine, feminine)==== | |||
Words of the fourth declension are either masculine or feminine. Their citation form ends in ''-é''. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''máté'' (√mát-) "mother" (f)''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| mát'''é''' || mát'''iri''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| mát'''ors''' || mát'''irám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| mát'''irí''' || mát'''orbi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| mát'''irom''' || mát'''irás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''faté'' (√fat-) "father" (m)''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| fat'''é''' || fat'''iri''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| fat'''ors''' || fat'''irám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| fat'''irí''' || fat'''orbi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| fat'''irom''' || fat'''irás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====5th declension (neuter)==== | |||
The fifth declension, mostly unproductive, contains neuter nouns whose lemma forms end in ''-é''. They are clearly distinct from 4th declension ones. | |||
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{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''jommé'' (√jomm-) "people, folk"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| jomm'''é''' || jomm'''é''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| jomm'''i''' || jomm'''enám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| jomm'''í''' || jomm'''embi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| jomm'''é''' || jomm'''é''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====6th declension (masculine)==== | |||
Words of the sixth declension are predominantly masculine, ending in ''-i'' in their citation form; its plural forms are the same as in the first declension. Some borrowings are also included in this declension. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''limmi'' (√limm-) "lake"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| limm'''i''' || limm'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| limm'''i''' || limm'''ám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| limm'''í''' || limm'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| limm'''im''' || limm'''ás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''''ábádi'' (√ábád-) "city"''' | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| ábád'''i''' || ábád'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ábád'''i''' || ábád'''ám''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| ábád'''í''' || ábád'''uwi''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ábád'''im''' || ábád'''ás''' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== |
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