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Messinese
a giòssa messinèsa
α γιωσσα μεσσινησα
Typology
Basic word order SOV
Morphology Fusional
Alignment Accusative
Tonality No
Genders 3
Declensions Yes
Conjugations Yes
Credits
Created by Waahlis


General information

The Messinese language (Messinese: Greek: α γιωσσα μεσσινησα, Latin: a giòssa messinèsa, pronounced [aʝ ˈʝɔːsam mɛsıˈneːsa] or Zaincua [ˈt͡sɛŋkwa], is an artificial and a posteriori language supposedly descended from Latin and Ancient Greek. In 2010 it was spoken by some 1.5 million people around the Strait of Messina in Italy. The language arose simultaneously with the other Romance languages, but was always heavily influenced by the Greek presence on the islands. The language holds no official status in neither Italy nor Sicily, where the Sicilian language is the most dominant language of the region. The main usage of the language is as the ceremonial language of the Greek Orthodox Church of Messina (Messinese: Ευηνoρθοδοζα Εκκυισία δα Mεσσινou, Eyènorthodoza Eccuisía da Messinou), the EEM , in the city of Messina on Sicily.

The EEM and its agencies is also the head regulating organ, (Messinese: Μινιστρία, Ministrìa) of the language, and the religious origins and control has therefore had a substantial impact on the vocabulary and conservatism of the language.

History

Messinese
a giòssa messinèsa
α γιωσσα μεσσινησα
Pronunciation: {{{pronunciation}}}
Spoken in: {{{spoken}}}
Region: Europe
Total speakers: 1,586,120 (native)
Ranking: < 500
Language family: Romance languages
Writing system: {{{writing}}}
Official status
Official language in: {{{official}}}
Regulated by: {{{regulator}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1 ms
ISO 639-2 mes
SIL mes
See also: Language – Lists of languages
This section describes the history of the Messinese native speakers and the language in a sociological and historical perspective, for the phonetic history, see sound changes

The Messinese language is as previously stated, descended from Latin and Ancient Greek, though more precisely, the Classical Latin and the Koine Greek language, around the 400-500 centuries AD. The substantial difference of the languages and their older forms was not the vocabulary, but the pronunciation, which is the source of a phonology dissimilar to the contemporary Romance and Hellenic languages.

File:Messinese Ecclesiastical Standard.png
The current Ecclesiastical flag of the Greek Orthodox Church of Messina. Note the double-headed eagle similar to that of the Greek Orthodox Church.

The language first arose on the nowadays Italian island of Sicily as a creole between the Roman and Greek settlers, but was steadily suppressed by the Roman language policies and advocation of Latin. The language was therefore kept alive only in smaller villages and as the people's discreet vernacular, and the status was close to that of barbaric languages.

The road from a minority language to the ceremonial language of the Greek Orthodox Church of Messina commenced 400 years later, with the decree of the third Council of Tours in 813. The Christian priests were then ordered to preach in the vernacular language – either in the rustica lingua romanica (Vulgar Latin), the regional languages (such as Messinese) or in the Germanic vernaculars – since the common people could no longer understand formal Latin. This proved to be the end of the Vulgar Latin language, and the start of the diversification of the Romance languages, and the survival of the Messinese language.

During the Middle ages, the Messinese language was established as the official language of the Christian ecclesiastical branch residing only on Sicily, and its prestige was elevated even higher by the advent and status of the current Byzantine Empire and Greek Orthodox Church with Byzantine Greek as the vernacular. In 1832, the autocephalous bishop of Messine, Ιουστινιανου III Ανθροπου , Justinian III Anthropou founded the Ministry - (α Μινιστρία, a Ministría), the governing body and supervising organ of the Messinese language.

In modern times with the fall of the Byzantines and the steady secularisation of the Western world, the amount Messinese native speakers is falling. The language is constantly under pressure from the great and most advantageous languages in the region, being Sicilian, Italian and the English language, all of which are having an impact on the language's grammar and vocabulary.

Sound Changes

C = Consonant
CS = Clusive consonant; stop
V = Vowel
VF = Front vowel
VB = Back vowel

The Messinese language is as previously stated descended from the Ancient Greek colonisers of the Messina Strait, and the old Classical Latin vernacular. Because of the Greek influences, many of the sound changes occurring on neighbouring languages did not take place in Messinese.

Sound changes are called phonomutations in the Messinese language, and are extensively studied and categorised by scholars. There are a few different classes of sound changes that have had a considerable impact on the language, in contrast to the languages from which it is derived.


The most pushing changes are the so called annihilations. Annihilations are phonomutations where the phoneme to a great extent disappears or annihilates adjacent sounds. The three most important ones are:

Egei - annihilation

This sound change displays the loss of of the phoneme /l/ in the Messinese language. The sound change draws its name from the Latin verb "legere", to read. The principles of the phonomutation are the following:

l > ∅ when _VF.
l > v when _VB.
l > y when _V.
i + l > y when _V.
yi > iy through sonorant metathesis.
iy > i when iyC through dissimilation.
uyV > yuV > yV through sonorant metathesis and syncope.
l > ∅ and V > Vː when V_#.
l > u when V_C.
l > i when C_, but l > u when c_ and V_C.

Uomo - annihilation

This sound change displays the loss of of the phoneme /h/ in the Messinese language. The sound change draws its name from the Latin word for "man" - "homo". The principles of the phonomutation are the following:

h > ∅ in all instances but h > u when _o

These two sound changes are the greatest powers behind the Messinese language, and sometimes grouped and called the "ni" - phonomoutaziò, the ""ni" - sound change" from the Latin word "nihil" which means nothing.

Interestingly, the word "annihilation" in Messinese, annyaziò is a typical "ni" - word from the Latin "annihilatio".

Swadesh list on Romance languages' vocabulary

Romance vocabulary
ConLangs NatLangs
English Biscayan Anglian/Yealoweadrish Favlona Italian Messinese Latin[† 1] Sardinian Moldovan Sicilian Romanian Piedmontese Romansh French Occitan Catalan Aragonese Spanish Asturian Galician Portuguese Venetian Lombard Judeo-Hispanic Haitian
water agüa eoh acua acqua accua aqua abba апэ acqua apă eva aua eau aiga aigua augua agua agua auga água aqua aqua אגווה агўа dlo
high alto eald alto alto auto altus artu ыналт autu înalt àut aut haut n-aut alt alto alto altu alto alto alto alt אווט аўт wo
horse cabaljo hapealla cavallo cavallo ippou caballus cuaddu кал cavaddu cal caval chaval cheval caval cavall caballo caballo caballu cabalo cavalo cavaeo cavall קהב׳הייו кавајё chwal
I eù io eo io eu ego deo еу ju/jè eu i(/mi) jau je ieu/jo jo yo yo yo eu eu (mi) (mì) ייו ё (mwen)
to do facer fan facere fare hacei facere faghere фаче fari face fé far faire far/fàser fer fer hacer facer facer fazer far fà פ׳הזאיר фазер fè
fire foco fēoh foco fuoco hocou focus fogu фок focu foc feu fieu feu fuòc foc fuego fuego fueu fogo fogo fogo foeugh פ׳ואיגו фўего dife
island insa īsyl insula isola isya īnsula isula (истров) isula insulǎ ìsola insla île iscla illa isla/isola isla isla illa ilha isoea isola יזלה и́зла zil
milk lacta leahte latte latte latte lac(ta) latte лапте latti lapte làit latg lait lach llet leit leche lleche leite leite late latt לאיג׳אי лече lèt
tongue/
language 		ljengüa lang lingua lingua giossa lingua limba лимбэ lingua limbǎ lenga lingua langue lenga llengua luenga lengua llingua lingua língua lengoa lengua לינגוה лингўа lang/lank
our nostro nāsþor nostro nostro nostra noster nostru ноастрэ nostru nostru nòst noss notre nòstre nostre nuestro nuestro nuesu noso nosso nostro noster מואישטרו мўестро nou
new novo nafa novo nuovo nea novus nou ноу novu nou neuv nov nouveau nòu nou nuebo nuevo nuevu novo novo novo noeuv מואיב׳ו мўево nouvo
skin peljo feolle pelle pelle peyei pellis pedde пьеле peddi piele pel pel peau pèl pell piel piel piel pel pele pée pell (עור) (ор) po
rain xuva flofiġ pluvia pioggia brecha pluvia proìda плоайе chiuvuta ploaie pieuva plievgia pluie pluèja pluja plebia lluvia lluvia chuvia/
choiva 		chuva piova pioeuva לוב׳ייה лувя lapli
three tres þres tres trei tre trēs tres трей tri trei tre trais trois tres tres tres tres trés tres três tre trii תראיז трез twa
English Biscayan Anglian/Yealoweadrish Favlona Italian Messinese Latin Sardinian Moldovan Sicilian Romanian Piedmontese Romansh French Occitan Catalan Aragonese Spanish Asturian Galician Portuguese Venetian Lombard Judeo-Hispanic Haitian
  1. ^ † The Latin words supplied here do not necessarily correspond to the English meanings but rather to the ancestors of the modern words.


Phonology

See also: IPA for Messinese

The Messinese language has a phonology quite similar to other Romance languages, but also to the Modern Greek language.

Consonants

The inventory of phonemic consonants and allophones is slightly larger than that of for example Spanish, or the geographically close Sicilian language. Consonants are repeatedly palatalised in proximity of a [j], but the rather common fricatisation common to many Romance languages from Vulgar Latin is not present.

Phonology and Orthography
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m [m] [ɱ]1 n [n̪] [ɲ]1 [ŋ]1
Plosives voiceless p [p] t [t̪] [c]2 c [k]
voiced b [b] d [d̪] g [g]
Affricates voiceless z [t͡s - d͡z] [t͡ɕ - d͡ʑ]3
voiced
Fricatives voiceless ph [f] th [θ - ð] s [s - z]6 [ɕ - ʑ - ʝ]2, 4 ch [x - ɣ] h [h]
voiced v [v]
Trills r7[r̪]
Approximant [w]5 y [j]5

Nota Bene:

  1. The nasals are always affected by the following sound, leading to a change in pronunciation, but not in orthography, that is, nasal sandhi. There are no graphemes for [ɱ], [ɲ] or [ŋ]. For example, the word ινπορταντα, inportanta (important) is pronounced [ɪmporˈtanta].
  2. The dental and velar plosives - [t̪ - d̪], [k - g] - are always pronounced like palatal plosives [c - ʝ] when preceeding [j], [ı], [e] or [ɛ].
  3. The dental-alveolar affricates [t͡s - d͡z] are also pronounced palatally, [t͡ɕ - d͡ʑ], when preceeding [j], [ı], [e] or [ɛ].
  4. The alveolar fricatives [s - z] palatalise into [ɕ - ʑ - ʝ]when preceeding [j], [ı], [e] or [ɛ].
  5. The palatal approximant [j] is a loosely defined phoneme, and is represented by the letters ⟨υ/y⟩ and ⟨ι/i⟩. It is allophonous with [ʝ] and [ɪ̯].
  6. The alveolar fricative [s] is pronounced [θ] when in the cluster ⟨νς, ns⟩.
  7. ⟨r⟩ is always written ⟨rh⟩ when initial in lexemes.

Vowels

There are 7 vowels in the Messinese language, all of which are geminated when stressed.

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close u; ou ; y [u]
Near-close i [ɪ]
Close-mid è [e] o [o]
Mid
Open-mid e [ɛ]
Near-open ò [ɔ]
Open a [ä]

Alphabet

Phonotactics

Grammar

Stress

The stress in the Messinese language differs a lot from it's parent languages, being almost completely penultimate caused by the parent languages' inherited and moraic systems clashed and resulted in the Messinese stress system (αν αζεντα, an azenta).

There are two different major patterns of stress, on the oxytones (οζυτονοι, ozytonoi) - the final syllable, or the barytones (βαρυτονοι, barytonoi) - not the final syllable. The barytones make up for the majority of all lexemes, since the stress is by standard always on the penultimate syllable, on the paroxytone. Penultimate stress is never marked - except for words ending in "ια, ia", so any deviation from this rule must be marked with an accute accent (´).

Major→ Barytone Oxytone
Minor→ Proparoxytone Paroxytone
Examples άνιμα, ánima γιωσσα, giòssa ανιμά, animá
σύνστημα, sýnstema μευανχουία, meyanchovìa κατά, catá

Syntactics

Nouns

The nouns of Messinese decline according to case, gender, and number. There is no inflection for definiteness, which is demonstrated by means of articles instead.

Gender

There are three genders (γενρα, genra) inherited from Latin and Ancient Greek, namely the masculine, feminine, and the neuter genders. Messinese genders are not simple natural genders, thus, determining a lexemes gender is very difficult and irregular. The genders play a substantial role in which declension the word is classed.

Case

The remnant of the similar case systems of Latin and Ancient Greek have both coalesced into a simplifed inventory comprising four cases. The collapse into a smaller amount of cases has indeed led to somewhat unpredictable and irregular declensions. The remaining four cases are the following:

  • Nominative
  • Objective
  • Genitive
  • Vocative
Nominative

The nominative case, (ο κασου νομινατιυο, o casou nominativo) is the lemma form of all nouns and adjectives, and first and foremost marks the subject of a verb, as well as predicative nouns and adjectives.

Objective

The objective or oblique case, (ο κασου οβιεττιυο/οβυικό, o casou obiettivo/obuicó) is the resulting form of the coalescence of the Latin and Greek accusative and dative cases, and marks the direct object of a verb, or the indirect object of a preposition.

Genitive

The genitive case, (ο κασου γενιτιυο, o casou genitivo) is the common form of the old Latin and Greek genitive cases and the Latin ablative. It marks mainly possession, but also relations and origin of objects.

Vocative

The vocative case, (ο κασου υοκατιυο, o casou vocativo) is a very limited case and does only mark addressed or explicitly expressed nouns and foremost names.

Number

There are only two numbers in the Messinese languages a system identical to that of English, these being the singular, which denotes subjects totalling one and is not marked, and the plural, which markes all subjects from two and up.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

The Messinese personal pronouns are directly descended from both Latin and Ancient Greek, but have not undergone the same sound changes because of common usage. There are three persons, the first, second and third person which decline according to case and number. The first person differs form the rest and does not inflect according to gender, whilst the second has both a masculine and feminie gender, and the third person adds the neuter gender. The gender distinction only applies to the singular.

It is interesting to note what effect the EEM has had on the registers of the language, and this is quite obvious in the pronouns, which are separated by an informal and formal distinction, derived from Latin and Greek pronouns respectively.

Reflexive pronouns

The reflexive pronouns serve a role in all reflexive verbs, and verbs inherited from the Ancient Greek mediopassive voice, that is, verbs ending in "-σαι, -sai". They are used when a subject is acting upon itself, when the subject and object of a verb is the same.

Disjunctive pronouns

The disjunctive pronouns, similar to the French pronouns with the same name, serve many purposes:

  • It is used in syntactically dislocated positions
The others are leaving, but me, I'm staying.
  • In sentence fragments with no verb (e.g. short answers).
Who wants cake? Me.
He is older than me. (Than I am)
  • In conjunction with a noun phrase or another pronoun
Me and my parents are arriving in an hour.
  • As a prepositional pronoun.
Count on me.
It is for me.
  • As a intensive pronoun.
I did it myself.
Me myself did it.

Pronominal Declension

The pronominal declension (α δεκυιναζιω αντονομινά, a decuinaziò antonominá) comprises the personal, reflexive and disjunctive pronouns. Please note that the declension is almost completely irregular.


Demonstratives

The Messinese demonstratives, which also serve as determiners, are of diverse origin, and of different proximity. There are three levels of proximity, all of which have their separate demonstrative pronoun. Per praxis, the feminine form is listed:

Proximal

This demonstrative, sta, shows a distance or proximity adjacent to the addressed in a conversation, and is derived from the Latin demonstrative iste.

Medial

This demonstrative has the long and short forms autei/tei, from Ancient Greek αὐτός and is mostly identical to the third person pronoun. The form also works as the definite determiner (οριστικά άρτικα, oristicá ártica), with a few shorter forms.

Distal

That very last demonstrative, accuya, from Latin eccum + illa , indicates a great distance from the speaker.

Nominal Declension

First Declension

The first declension is separated into to three subdeclensions, the alpha, omicron and eta declensions. The reason behind the division is a relatively similar inflection, which differs because of the stem vowel. The declensions are mainly of Ancient Greek origin, but have almost nothing to do with the Ancient Greek declensions with similar names.

Alpha Declension

The alpha declension (αυφα δεκυιναζιω, aupha decuinaziò) treats nouns with the stem vowel "a". The origin of these words most often had the Ancient Greek endings "-ας, as" or the ending mutual with Latin, simple "-a".

Translation → Masculine Feminine Neuter
man sound sand, arena
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative andra andrai phòna phònai arena arenai
Objective andran andrai phònan phònai arena arenai
Genitive androu andron phòna phònon arenou arenon
Vocative andre andrei phònei phònai arene arenai
Omicron Declension

The omicron declension (ομικρονα δεκυιναζιω, omicrona decuinaziò) treats nouns with a stem ending in either "o" or "ou". Lexemes in this category had a multitude of endings in Latin and Greek, making it the largest category of nouns. The endings were:

  • -υς/ys, -υ/y
  • -ου/ou, -ος, os,-ως, òs
  • -um, -us
Translation → Masculine Feminine Neuter
river ice home
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative rhivou rhivoi pagou pagoi dòmou dòma
Objective rhivon rhivou pagon pagou dòmon dòma
Genitive rhivou rhivon pagoi pagon dòmou dòmon
Vocative rhive rhivoi page pagoi dòme dòma
Eta Declension

The eta declension (ετα δεκυιναζιω, eta decuinaziò) treats nouns with the vowels "e", "è" or the diphthongs "ei" or "èi" in the stem. The origin of these words most often had the following endings in the original languages:

  • -ες,/es, -ης/ès, -η/è
  • -es, -is

Please note that the declension is heavily influenced by Latin declensions.

Translation → Masculine Feminine Neuter
father woman back
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative patrei patrie murei murie piatè piatie
Objective patren patrie muren murie piaten piatie
Genitive patri patriun muri murun piatè1 piaton1
Vocative patre patrie mure murie piatè1 piatie
  1. The endings somewhat differ when the word is inherited from Ancient Greek.
Second Declension

The second declension inflects nouns from the Latin third declension, and the Ancient Greek velar- and labial-stems. It is separated into three sub-declensions.

Aziò Declension

This declension is named after the Messinese inherited word for action from Latin. The old Latin ending was -tiō and was a noun derived from the verbs' supine, and was most often inherited into other languages in the oblique form: -tiōn-, but Messinese retains the nominative form. These former third declension nouns now ending in -ζιω, -ziò have their own category.

The Messinese affricatisation of the Latin pronunciation is a unique ocurrence in the language, and has in recent time also been exposed to palatalisation, rendering the pronunciation as /'-t͡ɕjɔ/, always stressed on the last syllable. The words are always of feminine gender.

Translation → Feminine
relation song, singing mention, recalling
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative reyaziò reyaziòne canziò canziòne menziò menziòne
Objective reyaziòn reyaziòne canziòn canziòne menziòn menziòne
Genitive reyaziònei reyaziònou canziònei canziònou menziònei menziònou
Vocative reyaziò reyaziòne canziò canziòne menziò menziòne
Nomei Declension

This declension is named after the Messinese word for name, inherited from the Latin third declension noun nomen. The Latin nominative form is the source of words such as nome, while the oblique forms the rest of the declension, in this case nomin-. The /i/ proved unstable in Messinese, and it collapsed into nomn-, and so was the case with many similar nouns.

It also includes the somewhat malplaced neuter nouns, with the oblique stem -er-, which has formed -r- in Messinese.

Please note that all nouns of this declension are either masculine or neuter.

Translation → Masculine Neuter Neuter
man name sex, gender
Case ↓ Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative uomo uomne nomei nomna genou genra
Objective uomne nomne nomna genre genra
Genitive uomnei uomnou nomnei nomnou genrei genrou
Vocative uome uomne nome nomna genou genra

Verbs

  Perfective Imperfective Retrospective
Future Future Future perfect
Present Present Perfect
Past Preterite Imperfect Plusquamperfect



First Conjugation
From Latin canto, cantare. cantá To sing.
Gerund Gerundive
cantá cantandou cantanda cantando
Participles1
Active cantans cantante
Passive cantatou cantata
Person Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative
Simple
Present cantou cantá canta cantamo cantate cantan
Preterite canzou canzá canza canzamo canzate canzan
Imperfect cantaba cantábamo cantábate cantaban
Complex
Future cantabou cantabei cantabè cantábimo cantábitè cantaboun
Perfect canté cantaustei cantá cantaumo cantaustè cantaroun
Pluperfect cantaura cantáuramo cantáuratè cantauran
Future Perfect cantaurou cantaurei cantaurè cantáuremo cantáuretè cantaurin
Subjunctive Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Simple
Present cante cantei cante cantemo cantetè canten
Imperfect cantá cantáremo cantáretè cantaren
Complex
Future Use the present subjunctive of vou followed by cantatou m/n or cantata f.
Perfect Use the present subjunctive of abei followed by cantatou m/n or cantata f.
Pluperfect Use the past subjunctive of abei followed by cantatou m/n or cantata f.
Future Perfect Use the future perfect of vou followed by cantatou m/n or cantata f.
Imperative
Number Singular Plural
Person 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Affirmative cante canta cantemo cantatè
Negative men cante men cantá men cantáremo men cantáretè
Notes
1The participle genders are masculine/neuter and feminine.
Conjugation of habyá
From Latin fabulo habyá To say, talk
Gerund Gerundive
habyá habyandou habyanda habyando
Participles1
Active habyans habyante
Passive habyatou habyata
Person Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative
Simple
Present habyou habyá habya habyamo habyate habyan
Preterite habysou habysá habysa habysamo habysate habysan
Imperfect habyaba habyábamo habyábate habyaban
Complex
Future habyabou habyabei habyabè habyábimo habyábitè habyaboun
Perfect habyé habyaustei habyá habyaumo habyaustè habyaroun
Pluperfect habyaura habyáuramo habyáuratè habyauran
Future Perfect habyaurou habyaurei habyaurè habyáuremo habyáuretè habyaurin
Subjunctive Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Simple
Present habye habyei habye habyemo habyetè habyen
Imperfect habyá habyáremo habyáretè habyaren
Complex
Future Use the present subjunctive of vou followed by habyatou m/n or habyata f.
Perfect Use the present subjunctive of abei followed by habyatou m/n or habyata f.
Pluperfect Use the past subjunctive of abei followed by habyatou m/n or habyata f.
Future Perfect Use the future perfect of vou followed by habyatou m/n or habyata f.
Imperative
Number Singular Plural
Person 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Affirmative habye habya habyemo habyatè
Negative men habye men habyá men habyáremo men habyáretè
Notes
1The participle genders are masculine/neuter and feminine.


Vocabulary

Kinship
Grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Grandfather
 
 
 
Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Father Mother Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt
 
 
 
Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin
 
 
Twin Sisters Husband Twin Sister Little Sisters Husband Little Sister Big Sisters Huband Big Sister Wife Self Husband Big Brother  Big Brothers Wife Little Brother Little Brothers Wife Twin Brother Twin Brothers Wife
 
 
 
Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Son Daughter Son Daughter Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew

Swadesh list



No. English Messinese
0MessineseMessinèsa
1Ieu
2you (singular)tou
3heautou
4wenou
5you (plural)vou
6theyautoi
7thisstou
8thataccuyei
9hereaccuí
10thereibuí
11whocui
12whatcuo
13wherepou
14whencuando
15howcuomo
16notnon
17alltòtou
18manymutou
19someaicui
20fewpauco
21otherautrei
22oneena
23twodui
24threetrìa
25fourcuattrou
26fivecuince
27bigmegá
28longmacrá
29widepiato
30thickdento
31heavybariá
32smallmicró
33shortcorto
34narrowstrata
35thintenuò
36womangyna
37man (adult male)andra
38human beinguomo
39childphiyou
40wifemurei
41husbandandra
42mothermatrei
43fatherpatrei
44animalanimá
45fishchthui
46birdave
47dogcane
48lousepedica
49snakeangui
50wormserpéns
51treearbó
52forestdáso
53stickziò
54fruitphrouta
55seedsemna
56leafphoyou
57rootriza
58barkphioyo
59flowerphioro
60grassantho
61ropetrichiá
62skinderma
63meatcrea
64bloodsangui
65boneostó
66fatyipo
67eggovou
68horncorna
69tailoura
70featherpiuma
71hairpeyou
72headcephá
73earaurica
74eyeoca
75nosenasou
76mouthstòma
77toothdens
78tonguegiòssa
79fingernailnychè
80footpou
81legcrou
82kneegonou
83handcherè
84wingpenna
85bellystomachè
86gutsentou
87neckcoyou
88backpiatè
89breastmamya
90heartkarziá
91liverzon
92drinkbibei
93eatedei
94bitedangena
95sucksugei
96spitspuei
97vomitvomei
98blowphiá
99breathespirá
100laughgevena
101seevei
102hearaui
103knowsapei
104thinkrheò
105smellodró
106fearphobasai
107sleepdormasai
108livezòna
109diemuorió
110killphonena
111fightmachosai
112huntkynègena
113hitbattei
114cutsecá
115splitschizena
116stabpuná
117scratchscaupei
118digscabena
119swimnatá
120flypetona
121walkspazió
122comevenèi
123lieyacá
124sitcathèsai
125standstásai
126turngirá
127fallcaei
128givedá
129holdcratena
130squeezestrenei
131rubtribena
132washpienena
133wipetregei
134pulltrabena
135pushtrudei
136throwyacei
137tiedenena
138sewsuei
139countmetrena
140saydicei
141singcantá
142playyocá
143floatboyá
144flowrhena
145freezegiayá
146swelltourgei
147sunsóu
148moonseinè
149starastrou
150wateraccua
151rainbrecha
152riverrhivou
153lakeyimnè
154seatháyassa
155saltsá
156stonepetra
157sandarena
158dustsconè
159earthgia
160cloudnimphou
161fogneba
162skyouranou
163windventou
164snowchion
165icepagou
166smokecapnou
167firepyra
168ash
169burncauma
170roadvia
171mountainmons
172redrhythro
173greenvirens
174yellowphiavens
175whiteasprou
176blacknigrans
177nightnychta
178daydie
179yearannou
180warmzesto
181coldcryo
182fullpieno
183newneo
184oldpayo
185goodcau
186badmau
187rottenputro
188dirtyscuau
189straightreito
190roundgirou
191sharpozýo
192dullbrouto
193smoothyenè
194wetoumens
195drysicca
196correctortho
197nearprozime
198farmacriá
199rightortho
200leftaristerá
201atat
202inin
203withmetá
204andcai
205ifsei
206becauseporcuo
207namenomei


Example texts

For a Girl Messinese English

Prou e'nina tanto hormosa
ániman emóu vou na dá
en cutiyou cun dio yamnou
emóu carziá intraba.
Men me mirá; sto yorans,
e cantandon ce cuaisou,
o gauzia 'mou e tanto gran
non tá possou subportá.
Men tá gauzia 'sou tenei tou, hica
prou ei auba cuomo chia,
mage abè en' osscurio hica
cuai cremaroun a carziá 'mou.

For a girl so beautiful
I will give my soul
a double-edged knife
pierced my heart.
Don't look at me; I am crying,
it is singing that I want,
my joy is but so great
I cannot bear it.
Don't withhold your joy, young girl,
for you are white like snow,
but there's a darker girl
who set fire to my heart.

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