Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions
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participle: ''φėȝēl'' | participle: ''φėȝēl'' | ||
VN: '' | VN: ''φiȝėl'' | ||
Example: ''hamal'' 'to suffer', ''žaχar'' 'to remember' | Example: ''hamal'' 'to suffer', ''žaχar'' 'to remember' |
Revision as of 00:42, 29 July 2019
Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
Phonology
Vowels
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:
a ā ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛː eː ɪ~ɛ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
Inflection
Pronouns
- 1sg: ʔanėχ
- 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔaθθi (f)
- 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
- 1pl: naħnė
- 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔaθθin (f)
- 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)
Nouns
Adjectives
Declension of tėb 'good':
- yōm tėb = a good day
- yōman tėban = the good day
- yōmėþ tėbīn = good days
- yōmėþil tėbīl = the good days
- φarīθi tėbθi = a good fruit
- φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
- φariyėθi tėbėθi = good fruits
- φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
Verbs
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:
- φaȝal/haφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
- φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
- haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
- haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
- θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
- hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem
Binyan 1A: φaȝal
Semantics: basic action
past tense: φaȝalθe, φaȝalθa, φaȝalθi, φaȝal, φaȝalθ, φaȝalnē, φaȝalθum, φaȝalθin, φaȝalū, φaȝalė
non-past tense: ʔaφȝōl, taφȝōl, taφȝulī, yaφȝōl, yaφȝulī, naφȝōl, taφȝulū, taφȝulė, yaφȝulū, yaφȝulė
optative: ʔaφȝulanna, taφȝulanna, taφȝulīnna, yaφȝulanna, yaφȝulīnna, naφȝulanna, taφȝulūnna, taφȝulėnna, yaφȝulūnna, yaφȝulėnna
imperative: φaȝōl! φaȝlī! φaȝlū! φaȝlė!
participle: φėȝēl
VN: φiȝėl
Example: hamal 'to suffer', žaχar 'to remember'
Binyan 1P: hiφφuȝāl
future tense: hiφφuȝalθe, hiφφuȝalθa, hiφφuȝalθi, hiφφuȝāl, hiφφuȝālθ, hiφφuȝalnē, hiφφuȝalθum, hiφφuȝalθin, hiφφuȝalū, hiφφuȝalē
present tense: ʔiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilī, yiφφāȝēl, yiφφāȝilī, niφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilū, tiφφāȝilē, yiφφāȝilū, yiφφāȝilē
past tense: ʔiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalī, yiφφuȝāl, yiφφuȝalī, niφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalū, tiφφuȝalē, yiφφuȝalū, yiφφuȝalē
imperative: hiφφuȝāl! hiφφuȝalī! hiφφuȝalū! hiφφuȝalē!
participle: miφφuȝāl
VN: hiφφuȝālθ
Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl
Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs
Examples:
- žaχχēr 'to record'
- nahhēh 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
- nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
- θargēm 'to translate'
future tense: φaȝȝilθe, φaȝȝilθa, φaȝȝilθi, φaȝȝēl, φaȝȝēlθ, φaȝȝilnē, φaȝȝilθum, φaȝȝilθin, φaȝȝilū, φaȝȝilē
present tense: ʔaφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilī, yaφāȝaȝēl, yaφāȝaȝilī, naφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilū, taφāȝaȝilē, yaφāȝaȝilū, yaφāȝaȝilē
past tense: ʔaφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilī, yaφaȝȝēl, yaφaȝȝilī, naφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilū, taφaȝȝilē, yaφaȝȝilū, yaφaȝȝilē
imperative: φaȝȝēl! φaȝȝilī! φaȝȝilū! φaȝȝilē!
participle: muφaȝȝēl
verbal noun: φaȝȝūl
Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl
Binyan 3A: haφȝēl
Semantics: causative
Example: hažχēr 'to remind'
Binyan 3P: hassuφȝāl
Binyan 4A: haθφaȝal
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
haždaχar = 'to come to mind'
Binyan 4P: haθφuȝāl
Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl
Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions
Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.
Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Binyan 5P: θaφuȝȝāl
Binyan 6: niφθa3āl
Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl
Semantics: "to make oneself X"
Examples:
- hastažχēr 'to make note of'
- hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'
Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl
Numerals
- m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
- m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
- m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
- m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
- m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
- m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
- m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
- m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
- m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
- m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
Syntax
Vocabulary
Derivation
Sample texts
Schleicher
Χabšan wa-φarasīnan
Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:
yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.