Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions
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| ''nugdalθi'' | | ''nugdalθi'' | ||
| ''nugdāl'' | | ''nugdāl'' | ||
| '' | | ''nugdālaθ'' | ||
| ''nugdalnė'' | | ''nugdalnė'' | ||
| ''nugdalθum'' | | ''nugdalθum'' | ||
| ''nugdalθin'' | | ''nugdalθin'' | ||
| '' | | ''nugdālū'' | ||
| '' | | ''nugdālė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! subjunctive | ! subjunctive | ||
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| ''wanugdalθi'' | | ''wanugdalθi'' | ||
| ''wanugdāl'' | | ''wanugdāl'' | ||
| '' | | ''wanugdālaθ'' | ||
| ''wanugdalnė'' | | ''wanugdalnė'' | ||
| ''wanugdalθum'' | | ''wanugdalθum'' | ||
| ''wanugdalθin'' | | ''wanugdalθin'' | ||
| '' | | ''wanugdālū'' | ||
| '' | | ''wanugdālė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
Line 183: | Line 183: | ||
| ''yiggėdālī'' | | ''yiggėdālī'' | ||
| ''niggėdāl'' | | ''niggėdāl'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggėdālū'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggėdālė'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggėdālū'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggėdālė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| ''ʔiggudāl'' | | ''ʔiggudāl'' | ||
| ''θiggudāl'' | | ''θiggudāl'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggudālī'' | ||
| ''yiggudāl'' | | ''yiggudāl'' | ||
| ''yiggudālī'' | | ''yiggudālī'' | ||
| ''niggudāl'' | | ''niggudāl'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggudālū'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggudalna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggudālū'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggudalna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! optative | ! optative | ||
| '' | | ''ʔiggudalanna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggudalanna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggudalīnna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggudalanna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggudalīnna'' | ||
| '' | | ''niggudalanna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggudalūnna'' | ||
| '' | | ''θiggudalnanna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggudalūnna'' | ||
| '' | | ''yiggudalnanna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''higgudāl!'' | ||
| '' | | ''higgudālī!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''higgudālū!'' | ||
| '' | | ''higgudalna!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''miggudāl'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! verbal noun | ! verbal noun | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''nugdėl, higgadėl, higgadūl'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Binyan 2A: ''φaȝȝēl''==== | ====Binyan 2A: ''φaȝȝēl''==== |
Revision as of 03:45, 22 August 2019
Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
Phonology
Vowels
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:
a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
Inflection
Pronouns
- 1sg: ʔanėχ
- 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
- 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
- 1pl: naħnė
- 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
- 3pl: hum (m), hin (f)
Nouns
Adjectives
Declension of tėb 'good':
- yawm tėb = a good day
- yawman tėban = the good day
- yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
- yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
- φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
- φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
- φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
- φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
Verbs
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:
- φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
- φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
- haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
- haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
- θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
- hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem
Binyan 1A: φaȝāl
Semantics: basic action
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | χaθabθī | χaθabθa | χaθabθi | χaθāb | χaθābaθ | χaθabnė | χaθabθum | χaθabθin | χaθābū | χaθābė |
subjunctive | waχaθabθī | waχaθabθa | waχaθabθi | waχaθāb | waχaθābaθ | waχaθabnė | waχaθabθum | waχaθabθin | waχaθābū | waχaθābė |
present | ʔaχėθōb | θaχėθōb | θaχėθōbī | yaχėθōb | yaχėθōbī | naχėθōb | θaχėθōbū | θaχėθōbna | yaχėθōbū | yaχėθōbna |
future | ʔaχθōb | θaχθōb | θaχθōbī | yaχθōb | yaχθōbī | naχθōb | θaχθōbū | θaχθōbna | yaχθōbū | yaχθōbna |
optative | ʔaχθubanna | θaχθubanna | θaχθubīnna | yaχθubanna | yaχθubīnna | naχθubanna | θaχθubūnna | θaχθubnanna | yaχθubūnna | yaχθubnanna |
imperative | - | χuθōb! | χuθbī! | - | - | - | χuθbū! | χuθōbna! | - | - |
active participle | χėθēb | |||||||||
passive participle | maχθūb | |||||||||
verbal noun | χiθėb |
Example: hamāl 'to suffer', žaχār 'to remember'
Binyan 1P: nufȝāl
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | nugdalθī | nugdalθa | nugdalθi | nugdāl | nugdālaθ | nugdalnė | nugdalθum | nugdalθin | nugdālū | nugdālė |
subjunctive | wanugdalθī | wanugdalθa | wanugdalθi | wanugdāl | wanugdālaθ | wanugdalnė | wanugdalθum | wanugdalθin | wanugdālū | wanugdālė |
present | ʔiggėdāl | θiggėdāl | θiggėdalī | yiggėdāl | yiggėdālī | niggėdāl | θiggėdālū | θiggėdālė | yiggėdālū | yiggėdālė |
future | ʔiggudāl | θiggudāl | θiggudālī | yiggudāl | yiggudālī | niggudāl | θiggudālū | θiggudalna | yiggudālū | yiggudalna |
optative | ʔiggudalanna | θiggudalanna | θiggudalīnna | yiggudalanna | yiggudalīnna | niggudalanna | θiggudalūnna | θiggudalnanna | yiggudalūnna | yiggudalnanna |
imperative | - | higgudāl! | higgudālī! | - | - | - | higgudālū! | higgudalna! | - | - |
participle | miggudāl | |||||||||
verbal noun | nugdėl, higgadėl, higgadūl |
Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl
Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs
Examples:
- žaχχēr 'to record'
- nahhēh 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
- nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
- θargēm 'to translate'
future tense: φaȝȝilθī, φaȝȝilθa, φaȝȝilθi, φaȝȝēl, φaȝȝēlθ, φaȝȝilnē, φaȝȝilθum, φaȝȝilθin, φaȝȝilū, φaȝȝilē
present tense: ʔaφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilī, yaφāȝaȝēl, yaφāȝaȝilī, naφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilū, taφāȝaȝelna, yaφāȝaȝilū, yaφāȝaȝelna
past tense: ʔaφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilī, yaφaȝȝēl, yaφaȝȝilī, naφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilū, taφaȝȝelna, yaφaȝȝilū, yaφaȝȝelna
imperative: φaȝȝēl! φaȝȝilī! φaȝȝilū! φaȝȝelna!
participle: muφaȝȝēl
verbal noun: φaȝȝūl
Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl
Binyan 3A: haφȝēl
Semantics: causative
Example: hažχēr 'to remind'
Binyan 3P: hassuφȝāl
Binyan 4A: haφθaȝal
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
haždaχar = 'to come to mind'
Binyan 4P: haφθuȝāl
Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl
Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions
Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.
Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Binyan 5P: θaφuȝȝāl
Binyan 6: niφθa3āl
Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl
Semantics: "to make oneself X"
Examples:
- hastažχēr 'to make note of'
- hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'
Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl
Numerals
- m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
- m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
- m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
- m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
- m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
- m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
- m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
- m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
- m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
- m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
Syntax
Vocabulary
Derivation
Sample texts
Schleicher
Χabšan wa-φarasīnan
Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:
yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.