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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
*indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn | ====Masculine nouns==== | ||
*definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl | ''ȝėlām'' = world | ||
*construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė | *indefinite: ''ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn'' | ||
*definite: ''ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl'' | |||
*construct: ''ȝėlam, ȝėlamė'' | |||
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns==== | |||
''ȝašīraθ'' = noblewoman | |||
*indefinite: ''ȝašīraθ, ȝašīrėθ'' | |||
*definite: ''ȝašīraθan, ȝašīrėθīl'' | |||
*construct: ''ȝašīraθ, ȝašīrėθ'' | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== |
Revision as of 13:50, 22 August 2019
Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
Phonology
Vowels
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:
a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
Stress
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismāȝū /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)
Inflection
Pronouns
- 1sg: ʔanėχ
- 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
- 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
- 1pl: naħnė
- 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
- 3pl: hum (m), hin (f)
Nouns
Masculine nouns
ȝėlām = world
- indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
- definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
- construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė
Feminine -(a)θ nouns
ȝašīraθ = noblewoman
- indefinite: ȝašīraθ, ȝašīrėθ
- definite: ȝašīraθan, ȝašīrėθīl
- construct: ȝašīraθ, ȝašīrėθ
Adjectives
Declension of tėb 'good':
- yawm tėb = a good day
- yawman tėban = the good day
- yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
- yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
- φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
- φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
- φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
- φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
Verbs
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:
- φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
- φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
- haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
- haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
- θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
- hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem
Binyan 1A: φaȝāl
Semantics: basic action
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | χaθabθī | χaθabθa | χaθabθi | χaθāb | χaθābaθ | χaθabnė | χaθabθum | χaθabθin | χaθābū | χaθābė |
subjunctive | waχaθabθī | waχaθabθa | waχaθabθi | waχaθāb | waχaθābaθ | waχaθabnė | waχaθabθum | waχaθabθin | waχaθābū | waχaθābė |
present | ʔaχėθōb | θaχėθōb | θaχėθōbī | yaχėθōb | yaχėθōbī | naχėθōb | θaχėθōbū | θaχėθōbna | yaχėθōbū | yaχėθōbna |
future | ʔaχθōb | θaχθōb | θaχθōbī | yaχθōb | yaχθōbī | naχθōb | θaχθōbū | θaχθōbna | yaχθōbū | yaχθōbna |
optative | ʔaχθubanna | θaχθubanna | θaχθubīnna | yaχθubanna | yaχθubīnna | naχθubanna | θaχθubūnna | θaχθubnanna | yaχθubūnna | yaχθubnanna |
imperative | - | χuθōb! | χuθbī! | - | - | - | χuθbū! | χuθōbna! | - | - |
active participle | χėθēb | |||||||||
passive participle | maχθūb | |||||||||
verbal noun | χiθėb |
Example: hamāl 'to suffer', žaχār 'to remember'
Binyan 1P: nufȝāl
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | nugdalθī | nugdalθa | nugdalθi | nugdāl | nugdālaθ | nugdalnė | nugdalθum | nugdalθin | nugdālū | nugdālė |
subjunctive | wanugdalθī | wanugdalθa | wanugdalθi | wanugdāl | wanugdālaθ | wanugdalnė | wanugdalθum | wanugdalθin | wanugdālū | wanugdālė |
present | ʔaggėdāl | θaggėdāl | θaggėdalī | yaggėdāl | yaggėdālī | naggėdāl | θaggėdālū | θaggėdalna | yaggėdālū | yaggėdalna |
future | ʔaggudāl | θaggudāl | θaggudālī | yaggudāl | yaggudālī | naggudāl | θaggudālū | θaggudalna | yaggudālū | yaggudalna |
optative | ʔaggudalanna | θaggudalanna | θaggudalīnna | yaggudalanna | yaggudalīnna | naggudalanna | θaggudalūnna | θaggudalnanna | yaggudalūnna | yaggudalnanna |
imperative | - | higgudāl! | higgudālī! | - | - | - | higgudālū! | higgudalna! | - | - |
participle | muggudāl | |||||||||
verbal noun | nugdėl, higgadūl |
Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl
Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs
Examples:
- žaχχēr 'to record'
- nahhēh 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
- nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
- θargēm 'to translate'
- raθθēm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | žaχχirθī | žaχχirθa | žaχχirθi | žaχχēr | žaχχēraθ | žaχχirnė | žaχχirθum | žaχχirθin | žaχχērū | žaχχērė |
subjunctive | wažaχχirθī | wažaχχirθa | wažaχχirθi | wažaχχēr | wažaχχēraθ | wažaχχirnė | wažaχχirθum | wažaχχirθin | wažaχχērū | wažaχχērė |
present | ʔužχėχēr | θužχėχēr | θužχėχērī | yužχėχēr | yužχėχērī | nužχėχēr | θužχėχērū | θužχėχirna | yužχėχērū | yužχėχirna |
future | ʔužaχχēr | θužaχχēr | θužaχχērī | yužaχχēr | yužaχχērī | nužaχχēr | θužaχχērū | θužaχχirna | yužaχχērū | yužaχχirna |
optative | ʔužaχχiranna | θužaχχiranna | θužaχχirīnna | yužaχχiranna | yužaχχirīnna | nužaχχiranna | θužaχχirūnna | θužaχχirnanna | yužaχχirūnna | yužaχχirnanna |
imperative | - | žaχχēr! | žaχχērī! | - | - | - | žaχχērū! | žaχχirna! | - | - |
participle | mužaχχēr | |||||||||
verbal noun | žaχχūr, žaχχarθ |
Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | žuχχarθī | žuχχarθa | žuχχarθi | žuχχār | žuχχāraθ | žuχχarnė | žuχχarθum | žuχχarθin | žuχχārū | žuχχārė |
subjunctive | wažuχχarθī | wažuχχarθa | wažuχχarθi | wažuχχār | wažuχχāraθ | wažuχχarnė | wažuχχarθum | wažuχχarθin | wažuχχārū | wažuχχārė |
present | ʔužχėχār | θužχėχār | θužχėχārī | yužχėχār | yužχėχārī | nužχėχār | θužχėχārū | θužχėχarna | yužχėχārū | yužχėχarna |
future | ʔužuχχār | θužuχχār | θužuχχārī | yužuχχār | yužuχχārī | nužuχχār | θužuχχārū | θužuχχarna | yužuχχārū | yužuχχarna |
optative | ʔužuχχaranna | θužuχχaranna | θužuχχarīnna | yužuχχaranna | yužuχχarīnna | nužuχχaranna | θužuχχarūnna | θužuχχarnanna | yužuχχarūnna | yužuχχarnanna |
imperative | Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives. | |||||||||
participle | mužuχχār | |||||||||
verbal noun | Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns. |
Binyan 3A: haφȝēl
Semantics: causative
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | hakdisθī | hakdisθa | hakdisθi | hakdēs | hakdēsaθ | hakdisnė | hakdisθum | hakdisθin | hakdēsū | hakdēsė |
subjunctive | wahakdisθī | wahakdisθa | wahakdisθi | wahakdēs | wahakdēsaθ | wahakdisnė | wahakdisθum | wahakdisθin | wahakdēsū | wahakdēsė |
present | ʔakėdēs | θakėdēs | θakėdēsī | yakėdēs | yakėdēsī | nakėdēs | θakėdēsū | θakėdisna | yakėdēsū | yakėdisna |
future | ʔakdēs | θakdēs | θakdēsī | yakdēs | yakdēsī | nakdēs | θakdēsū | θakdisna | yakdēsū | yakdisna |
optative | ʔakdisanna | θakdisanna | θakdisīnna | yakdisanna | yakdisīnna | nakdisanna | θakdisūnna | θakdisnanna | yakdisūnna | yakdisnanna |
imperative | - | hakdēs! | hakdēsī! | - | - | - | hakdēsū! | hakdisna! | - | - |
participle | makdēs | |||||||||
verbal noun | hakdūs |
Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl
A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | hukdasθī | hukdasθa | hukdasθi | hukdās | hukdāsaθ | hukdasnė | hukdasθum | hukdasθin | hukdāsū | hukdāsė |
subjunctive | wahukdasθī | wahukdasθa | wahukdasθi | wahukdās | wahukdāsaθ | wahukdasnė | wahukdasθum | wahukdasθin | wahukdāsū | wahukdāsė |
present | ʔukėdās | θukėdās | θukėdāsī | yukėdās | yukėdāsī | nukėdās | θukėdāsū | θukėdasna | yukėdāsū | yukėdasna |
future | ʔukdās | θukdās | θukdāsī | yukdās | yukdāsī | nukdās | θukdāsū | θukdasna | yukdāsū | yukdasna |
optative | ʔukdasanna | θukdasanna | θukdasīnna | yukdasanna | yukdasīnna | nukdasanna | θukdasūnna | θukdasnanna | yukdasūnna | yukdasnanna |
imperative | Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives. | |||||||||
participle | mukdās | |||||||||
verbal noun | Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives. |
Binyan 4A: haφθaȝal
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
haždaχar = 'to come to mind'
Binyan 4P: haφθuȝāl
Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl
Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions
Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.
Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Binyan 5P: θaφuȝȝāl
Binyan 6: niφθaȝāl
Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl
Semantics: "to make oneself X"
Examples:
- hastacȝēd 'to dare, to venture'
- hastažχēr 'to make note of'
- hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'
Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl
Numerals
- m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
- m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
- m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
- m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
- m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
- m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
- m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
- m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
- m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
- m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
Syntax
Vocabulary
Derivation
Sample texts
Schleicher
Χabšan wa-φarasīnan
Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:
yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.