Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions

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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθāb'' 'to write'
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθā́b'' 'to write'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''χaθabθī''
| ''χaθábθī''
| ''χaθabθa''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθabθi''
| ''χaθábθi''
| ''χaθāb''
| ''χaθā́b''
| ''χaθābaθ''
| ''χaθā́baθ''
| ''χaθabnė''
| ''χaθábnė''
| ''χaθabθum''
| ''χaθábθum''
| ''χaθabθin''
| ''χaθábθin''
| ''χaθābū''
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθābė''
| ''χaθā́bė''
|-
|-
! subjunctive
! subjunctive
| ''waχaθabθī''
| ''waχaθábθī''
| ''waχaθabθa''
| ''waχaθábθa''
| ''waχaθabθi''
| ''waχaθábθi''
| ''waχaθāb''
| ''waχaθā́b''
| ''waχaθābaθ''
| ''waχaθā́baθ''
| ''waχaθabnė''
| ''waχaθábnė''
| ''waχaθabθum''
| ''waχaθábθum''
| ''waχaθabθin''
| ''waχaθábθin''
| ''waχaθābū''
| ''waχaθā́bū''
| ''waχaθābė''
| ''waχaθā́bė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔaχėθōb''
| ''ʔaχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōb''
| ''θaχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōbī''
| ''θaχėθṓbī''
| ''yaχėθōb''
| ''yaχėθṓb''
| ''yaχėθōbī''
| ''yaχėθṓbī''
| ''naχėθōb''
| ''naχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōbū''
| ''θaχėθṓbū''
| ''θaχėθōbna''
| ''θaχėθṓbna''
| ''yaχėθōbū''
| ''yaχėθṓbū''
| ''yaχėθōbna''
| ''yaχėθṓbna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔaχθōb''
| ''ʔaχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōb''
| ''θaχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōbī''
| ''θaχθṓbī''
| ''yaχθōb''
| ''yaχθṓb''
| ''yaχθōbī''
| ''yaχθṓbī''
| ''naχθōb''
| ''naχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōbū''
| ''θaχθṓbū''
| ''θaχθōbna''
| ''θaχθṓbna''
| ''yaχθōbū''
| ''yaχθṓbū''
| ''yaχθōbna''
| ''yaχθṓbna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔaχθubanna''
| ''ʔaχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubanna''
| ''θaχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubīnna''
| ''θaχθubínna''
| ''yaχθubanna''
| ''yaχθubánna''
| ''yaχθubīnna''
| ''yaχθubínna''
| ''naχθubanna''
| ''naχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubūnna''
| ''θaχθubúnna''
| ''θaχθubnanna''
| ''θaχθubnánna''
| ''yaχθubūnna''
| ''yaχθubúnna''
| ''yaχθubnanna''
| ''yaχθubnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔáχθub''
| ''θáχθub''
| ''θáχθubī''
| ''yáχθub''
| ''yáχθubī''
| ''náχθub''
| ''θáχθubū''
| ''θáχθubna''
| ''yáχθubū''
| ''yáχθubna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χuθōb!''
| ''χuθṓb!''
| ''χuθbī!''
| ''χúθbī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χuθbū!''
| ''χúθbū!''
| ''χuθōbna!''
| ''χuθṓbna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''χėθēb''
|colspan=10| ''χėθḗb''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''maχθūb''
|colspan=10| ''maχθū́b''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''χiθėb''
|colspan=10| ''χiθė́b''
|}
|}


Example: ''hamāl'' 'to suffer', ''žaχār'' 'to remember'
Example: ''hamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'


====Binyan 1P: ''nufȝāl''====
====Binyan 1P: ''nufȝāl''====
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdāl'' 'to grow'
|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdā́l'' 'to grow'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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| ''ʔaggudalanna''
| ''ʔaggudalanna''
| ''θaggudalanna''
| ''θaggudalanna''
| ''θaggudalīnna''
| ''θaggudalinna''
| ''yaggudalanna''
| ''yaggudalanna''
| ''yaggudalīnna''
| ''yaggudalinna''
| ''naggudalanna''
| ''naggudalanna''
| ''θaggudalūnna''
| ''θaggudalunna''
| ''θaggudalnanna''
| ''θaggudalnanna''
| ''yaggudalūnna''
| ''yaggudalunna''
| ''yaggudalnanna''
| ''yaggudalnanna''
|-
|-
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| ''ʔužaχχiranna''
| ''ʔužaχχiranna''
| ''θužaχχiranna''
| ''θužaχχiranna''
| ''θužaχχirīnna''
| ''θužaχχirinna''
| ''yužaχχiranna''
| ''yužaχχiranna''
| ''yužaχχirīnna''
| ''yužaχχirinna''
| ''nužaχχiranna''
| ''nužaχχiranna''
| ''θužaχχirūnna''
| ''θužaχχirunna''
| ''θužaχχirnanna''
| ''θužaχχirnanna''
| ''yužaχχirūnna''
| ''yužaχχirunna''
| ''yužaχχirnanna''
| ''yužaχχirnanna''
|-
|-
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| ''ʔužuχχaranna''
| ''ʔužuχχaranna''
| ''θužuχχaranna''
| ''θužuχχaranna''
| ''θužuχχarīnna''
| ''θužuχχarinna''
| ''yužuχχaranna''
| ''yužuχχaranna''
| ''yužuχχarīnna''
| ''yužuχχarinna''
| ''nužuχχaranna''
| ''nužuχχaranna''
| ''θužuχχarūnna''
| ''θužuχχarunna''
| ''θužuχχarnanna''
| ''θužuχχarnanna''
| ''yužuχχarūnna''
| ''yužuχχarunna''
| ''yužuχχarnanna''
| ''yužuχχarnanna''
|-
|-
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| ''ʔakdisanna''
| ''ʔakdisanna''
| ''θakdisanna''
| ''θakdisanna''
| ''θakdisīnna''
| ''θakdisinna''
| ''yakdisanna''
| ''yakdisanna''
| ''yakdisīnna''
| ''yakdisinna''
| ''nakdisanna''
| ''nakdisanna''
| ''θakdisūnna''
| ''θakdisunna''
| ''θakdisnanna''
| ''θakdisnanna''
| ''yakdisūnna''
| ''yakdisunna''
| ''yakdisnanna''
| ''yakdisnanna''
|-na''
|-na''
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| ''ʔukdasanna''
| ''ʔukdasanna''
| ''θukdasanna''
| ''θukdasanna''
| ''θukdasīnna''
| ''θukdasinna''
| ''yukdasanna''
| ''yukdasanna''
| ''yukdasīnna''
| ''yukdasinna''
| ''nukdasanna''
| ''nukdasanna''
| ''θukdasūnna''
| ''θukdasunna''
| ''θukdasnanna''
| ''θukdasnanna''
| ''yukdasūnna''
| ''yukdasunna''
| ''yukdasnanna''
| ''yukdasnanna''
|-
|-
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| ''ʔastatȝimanna''
| ''ʔastatȝimanna''
| ''θastatȝimanna''
| ''θastatȝimanna''
| ''θastatȝimīnna''
| ''θastatȝiminna''
| ''yastatȝimanna''
| ''yastatȝimanna''
| ''yastatȝimīnna''
| ''yastatȝiminna''
| ''nastatȝimanna''
| ''nastatȝimanna''
| ''θastatȝimūnna''
| ''θastatȝimunna''
| ''θastatȝimnanna''
| ''θastatȝimnanna''
| ''yastatȝimūnna''
| ''yastatȝimunna''
| ''yastatȝimnanna''
| ''yastatȝimnanna''
|-
|-
Line 804: Line 816:
| ''ʔastutȝamanna''
| ''ʔastutȝamanna''
| ''θastutȝamanna''
| ''θastutȝamanna''
| ''θastutȝamīnna''
| ''θastutȝaminna''
| ''yastutȝamanna''
| ''yastutȝamanna''
| ''yastutȝamīnna''
| ''yastutȝaminna''
| ''nastutȝamanna''
| ''nastutȝamanna''
| ''θastutȝamūnna''
| ''θastutȝamunna''
| ''θastutȝamnanna''
| ''θastutȝamnanna''
| ''yastutȝamūnna''
| ''yastutȝamunna''
| ''yastutȝamnanna''
| ''yastutȝamnanna''
|-
|-

Revision as of 17:21, 23 August 2019

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Stress

Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismāȝū /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)

Inflection

Pronouns

  • 1sg: ʔanėχ
  • 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
  • 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
  • 1pl: naħnė
  • 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
  • 3pl: hum (m), hin (f)

Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.

Masculine nouns

ȝėlām = world

  • indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
  • definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
  • construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė

Feminine -(a)θ nouns

ȝasūraθ = noblewoman

  • indefinite: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
  • definite: ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl
  • construct: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

  • yawm tėb = a good day
  • yawman tėban = the good day
  • yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
  • yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
  • φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
  • φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
  • φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
  • φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:

  1. φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
  2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
  3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
  4. haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
  5. niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
  6. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
  7. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1A conjugation: χaθā́b 'to write'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past χaθábθī χaθábθa χaθábθi χaθā́b χaθā́baθ χaθábnė χaθábθum χaθábθin χaθā́bū χaθā́bė
subjunctive waχaθábθī waχaθábθa waχaθábθi waχaθā́b waχaθā́baθ waχaθábnė waχaθábθum waχaθábθin waχaθā́bū waχaθā́bė
present ʔaχėθṓb θaχėθṓb θaχėθṓbī yaχėθṓb yaχėθṓbī naχėθṓb θaχėθṓbū θaχėθṓbna yaχėθṓbū yaχėθṓbna
future ʔaχθṓb θaχθṓb θaχθṓbī yaχθṓb yaχθṓbī naχθṓb θaχθṓbū θaχθṓbna yaχθṓbū yaχθṓbna
optative ʔaχθubánna θaχθubánna θaχθubínna yaχθubánna yaχθubínna naχθubánna θaχθubúnna θaχθubnánna yaχθubúnna yaχθubnánna
jussive ʔáχθub θáχθub θáχθubī yáχθub yáχθubī náχθub θáχθubū θáχθubna yáχθubū yáχθubna
imperative - χuθṓb! χúθbī! - - - χúθbū! χuθṓbna! - -
active participle χėθḗb
passive participle maχθū́b
verbal noun χiθė́b

Example: hamā́l 'to suffer', žaχā́r 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nufȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1P conjugation: nugdā́l 'to grow'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past nugdalθī nugdalθa nugdalθi nugdāl nugdālaθ nugdalnė nugdalθum nugdalθin nugdālū nugdālė
subjunctive wanugdalθī wanugdalθa wanugdalθi wanugdāl wanugdālaθ wanugdalnė wanugdalθum wanugdalθin wanugdālū wanugdālė
present ʔaggėdāl θaggėdāl θaggėdalī yaggėdāl yaggėdālī naggėdāl θaggėdālū θaggėdalna yaggėdālū yaggėdalna
future ʔaggudāl θaggudāl θaggudālī yaggudāl yaggudālī naggudāl θaggudālū θaggudalna yaggudālū yaggudalna
optative ʔaggudalanna θaggudalanna θaggudalinna yaggudalanna yaggudalinna naggudalanna θaggudalunna θaggudalnanna yaggudalunna yaggudalnanna
imperative - higgudāl! higgudālī! - - - higgudālū! higgudalna! - -
participle muggudāl
verbal noun nugdėl, higgadūl

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.

Examples:

  • šabbēr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
  • žaχχēr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
  • hassēb 'to consider' (applicative of h-s-b 'to think')
  • šayyēr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of š(-y-)r 'to sing')
  • žāhēb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
  • nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
  • θargēm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
  • lammēs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammūsīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
  • raθθēm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')
Binyan 2A conjugation: žaχχēr 'to record; to cause to remember'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žaχχirθī žaχχirθa žaχχirθi žaχχēr žaχχēraθ žaχχirnė žaχχirθum žaχχirθin žaχχērū žaχχērė
subjunctive wažaχχirθī wažaχχirθa wažaχχirθi wažaχχēr wažaχχēraθ wažaχχirnė wažaχχirθum wažaχχirθin wažaχχērū wažaχχērė
present ʔažaχėχēr θažaχėχēr θažaχėχērī yažaχėχēr yažaχėχērī nažaχėχēr θažaχėχērū θažaχėχirna yažaχėχērū yažaχėχirna
future ʔažaχχēr θažaχχēr θažaχχērī yažaχχēr yažaχχērī nažaχχēr θažaχχērū θažaχχirna yažaχχērū yažaχχirna
optative ʔužaχχiranna θužaχχiranna θužaχχirinna yužaχχiranna yužaχχirinna nužaχχiranna θužaχχirunna θužaχχirnanna yužaχχirunna yužaχχirnanna
imperative - žaχχēr! žaχχērī! - - - žaχχērū! žaχχirna! - -
participle mužaχχēr
verbal noun žaχχūr, žaχχarθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 2P conjugation: žuχχār 'to be recorded'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žuχχarθī žuχχarθa žuχχarθi žuχχār žuχχāraθ žuχχarnė žuχχarθum žuχχarθin žuχχārū žuχχārė
subjunctive wažuχχarθī wažuχχarθa wažuχχarθi wažuχχār wažuχχāraθ wažuχχarnė wažuχχarθum wažuχχarθin wažuχχārū wažuχχārė
present ʔažuχėχār θažuχėχār θažuχėχārī yažuχėχār yažuχėχārī nažuχėχār θažuχėχārū θažuχėχarna yažuχėχārū yažuχėχarna
future ʔažuχχār θažuχχār θažuχχārī yažuχχār yažuχχārī nažuχχār θažuχχārū θažuχχarna yažuχχārū yažuχχarna
optative ʔužuχχaranna θužuχχaranna θužuχχarinna yužuχχaranna yužuχχarinna nužuχχaranna θužuχχarunna θužuχχarnanna yužuχχarunna yužuχχarnanna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mužuχχār
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Binyan 3A conjugation: hakdēs 'to dedicate, to set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hakdisθī hakdisθa hakdisθi hakdēs hakdēsaθ hakdisnė hakdisθum hakdisθin hakdēsū hakdēsė
subjunctive wakdisθī wakdisθa wakdisθi wakdēs wakdēsaθ wakdisnė wakdisθum wakdisθin wakdēsū wakdēsė
present ʔakėdēs θakėdēs θakėdēsī yakėdēs yakėdēsī nakėdēs θakėdēsū θakėdisna yakėdēsū yakėdisna
future ʔakdēs θakdēs θakdēsī yakdēs yakdēsī nakdēs θakdēsū θakdisna yakdēsū yakdisna
optative ʔakdisanna θakdisanna θakdisinna yakdisanna yakdisinna nakdisanna θakdisunna θakdisnanna yakdisunna yakdisnanna
imperative - hakdēs! hakdēsī! - - - hakdēsū! hakdisna! - -
participle makdēs
verbal noun hakdūs

Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl

A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.

Binyan 3P conjugation: hukdās 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hukdasθī hukdasθa hukdasθi hukdās hukdāsaθ hukdasnė hukdasθum hukdasθin hukdāsū hukdāsė
subjunctive wukdasθī wukdasθa wukdasθi wukdās wukdāsaθ wukdasnė wukdasθum wukdasθin wukdāsū wukdāsė
present ʔukėdās θukėdās θukėdāsī yukėdās yukėdāsī nukėdās θukėdāsū θukėdasna yukėdāsū yukėdasna
future ʔukdās θukdās θukdāsī yukdās yukdāsī nukdās θukdāsū θukdasna yukdāsū yukdasna
optative ʔukdasanna θukdasanna θukdasinna yukdasanna yukdasinna nukdasanna θukdasunna θukdasnanna yukdasunna yukdasnanna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mukdās
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.

Binyan 4: haφθaȝāl

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 5: niφθuȝāl

Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 6P: θaφuȝȝāl

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X", tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Examples:

  • hastacȝēd 'to dare, to venture'
  • hastažχēr 'to make note of'
  • hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'


Binyan 7A conjugation: hastatȝēm 'to attempt'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastatȝimθī hastatȝimθa hastatȝimθi hastatȝēm hastatȝēmaθ hastatȝimnė hastatȝimtum hastatȝimtin hastatȝēmū hastatȝēmė
subjunctive wastatȝimθī wastatȝimθa wastatȝimθi wastatȝēm wastatȝēmaθ wastatȝimnė wastatȝimtum wastatȝimtin wastatȝēmū wastatȝēmė
present ʔastatėȝēm θastatėȝēm θastatėȝēmī yastatėȝēm yastatėȝēmī nastatėȝēm θastatėȝēmū θastatėȝimna yastatėȝēmū yastatėȝimna
future ʔastatȝēm θastatȝēm θastatȝēmī yastatȝēm yastatȝēmī nastatȝēm θastatȝēmū θastatȝimna yastatȝēmū yastatȝimna
optative ʔastatȝimanna θastatȝimanna θastatȝiminna yastatȝimanna yastatȝiminna nastatȝimanna θastatȝimunna θastatȝimnanna yastatȝimunna yastatȝimnanna
imperative - hastatȝēm! hastatȝēmī! - - - hastatȝēmū! hastatȝimna! - -
participle mustatȝēm
verbal noun hastatȝūm

Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastutȝām 'to be attempted'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastutȝamtī hastutȝamta hastutȝamti hastutȝām hastutȝāmaθ hastutȝamnė hastutȝamtum hastutȝamtin hastutȝāmū hastutȝāmė
subjunctive wastutȝamtī wastutȝamta wastutȝamti wastutȝām wastutȝāmaθ wastutȝamnė wastutȝamtum wastutȝamtin wastutȝāmū wastutȝāmė
present ʔastutėȝām θastutėȝām θastutėȝāmī yastutėȝām yastutėȝāmī nastutėȝām θastutėȝāmū θastutėȝamna yastutėȝāmū yastutėȝamna
future ʔastutȝām θastutȝām θastutȝāmī yastutȝām yastutȝāmī nastutȝām θastutȝāmū θastutȝamna yastutȝāmū yastutȝamna
optative ʔastutȝamanna θastutȝamanna θastutȝaminna yastutȝamanna yastutȝaminna nastutȝamanna θastutȝamunna θastutȝamnanna yastutȝamunna yastutȝamnanna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mustutȝām
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Numerals

update

  1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
  2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
  3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
  4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
  5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
  6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
  7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
  8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
  9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
  10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Syntax

Vocabulary

Derivation

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.

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