Togarmite/Old

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Stress

Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismāȝū /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)

Inflection

Pronouns

• 1sg: ʔanėχ
• 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
• 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
• 1pl: naħnė
• 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
• 3pl: hum (m), hin (f)

Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.

Masculine nouns

ȝėlām = world

• indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
• definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
• construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė

Feminine -(a)θ nouns

ȝasūraθ = noblewoman

• indefinite: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
• definite: ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl
• construct: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

• yawm tėb = a good day
• yawman tėban = the good day
• yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
• yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
• φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
• φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
• φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
• φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:

1. φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
4. haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
5. niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
6. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
7. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1A conjugation: χaθā́b 'to write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	χaθábθī	χaθábθa	χaθábθi	χaθā́b	χaθā́baθ	χaθábnė	χaθábθum	χaθábθin	χaθā́bū	χaθā́bė
subjunctive	waχaθábθī	waχaθábθa	waχaθábθi	waχaθā́b	waχaθā́baθ	waχaθábnė	waχaθábθum	waχaθábθin	waχaθā́bū	waχaθā́bė
present	ʔaχėθṓb	θaχėθṓb	θaχėθṓbī	yaχėθṓb	yaχėθṓbī	naχėθṓb	θaχėθṓbū	θaχėθṓbna	yaχėθṓbū	yaχėθṓbna
future	ʔaχθṓb	θaχθṓb	θaχθṓbī	yaχθṓb	yaχθṓbī	naχθṓb	θaχθṓbū	θaχθṓbna	yaχθṓbū	yaχθṓbna
optative	ʔaχθubánna	θaχθubánna	θaχθubínna	yaχθubánna	yaχθubínna	naχθubánna	θaχθubúnna	θaχθubnánna	yaχθubúnna	yaχθubnánna
jussive	ʔáχθub	θáχθub	θáχθubī	yáχθub	yáχθubī	náχθub	θáχθubū	θáχθubna	yáχθubū	yáχθubna
imperative	-	χuθṓb!	χúθbī!	-	-	-	χúθbū!	χuθṓbna!	-	-
active participle	χėθḗb
passive participle	maχθū́b
verbal noun	χiθė́b

Example: hamā́l 'to suffer', žaχā́r 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nufȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1P conjugation: nugdā́l 'to grow'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	nugdálθī	nugdálθa	nugdálθi	nugdā́l	nugdā́laθ	nugdálnė	nugdálθum	nugdálθin	nugdā́lū	nugdā́lė
subjunctive	wanugdálθī	wanugdálθa	wanugdálθi	wanugdā́l	wanugdā́laθ	wanugdálnė	wanugdálθum	wanugdálθin	wanugdā́lū	wanugdā́lė
present	ʔuggėdā́l	θuggėdā́l	θuggėdā́lī	yuggėdā́l	yuggėdā́lī	nuggėdā́l	θuggėdā́lū	θuggėdálna	yuggėdā́lū	yuggėdálna
future	ʔuggadā́l	θuggadā́l	θuggadā́lī	yuggadā́l	yuggadā́lī	nuggadā́l	θuggadā́lū	θuggadálna	yuggadā́lū	yuggadálna
optative	ʔuggadalánna	θuggadalánna	θuggadalínna	yuggadalánna	yuggadalínna	nuggadalánna	θuggadalúnna	θuggadalnánna	yuggadalúnna	yuggadalnánna
jussive	ʔúggadal	θúggadal	θúggadalī	yúggadal	yúggadalī	núggadal	θúggadalū	θúggadalna	yúggadalū	yúggadalna
imperative	-	huggadā́l!	huggadā́lī!	-	-	-	huggadā́lū!	huggadálna!	-	-
participle	muggadā́l
verbal noun	nugdė́l

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.

Examples:

• šabbḗr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
• žaχχḗr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
• hassḗb 'to consider' (applicative of h-s-b 'to think')
• šayyḗr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of š(-y-)r 'to sing')
• žāhḗb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
• nabbḗʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
• θargḗm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
• lammḗs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammū́sīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
• raθθḗm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')

Binyan 2A conjugation: žaχχḗr 'to record; to cause to remember'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žaχχírθī	žaχχírθa	žaχχírθi	žaχχḗr	žaχχḗraθ	žaχχírnė	žaχχírθum	žaχχírθin	žaχχḗrū	žaχχḗrė
subjunctive	wažaχχírθī	wažaχχírθa	wažaχχírθi	wažaχχḗr	wažaχχḗraθ	wažaχχírnė	wažaχχírθum	wažaχχírθin	wažaχχḗrū	wažaχχḗrė
present	ʔažaχėχḗr	θažaχėχḗr	θažaχėχḗrī	yažaχėχḗr	yažaχėχḗrī	nažaχėχḗr	θažaχėχḗrū	θažaχėχírna	yažaχėχḗrū	yažaχėχírna
future	ʔažaχχḗr	θažaχχḗr	θažaχχḗrī	yažaχχḗr	yažaχχḗrī	nažaχχḗr	θažaχχḗrū	θažaχχírna	yažaχχḗrū	yažaχχírna
optative	ʔažaχχiránna	θažaχχiránna	θažaχχirínna	yažaχχiránna	yažaχχirínna	nažaχχiránna	θažaχχirúnna	θažaχχirnánna	yažaχχirúnna	yažaχχirnánna
jussive	ʔažáχχir	θažáχχir	θažáχχirī	yažáχχir	yažáχχirī	nažáχχir	θažáχχirū	θažáχχirna	yažáχχirū	yažáχχirna
imperative	-	žaχχḗr!	žaχχḗrī!	-	-	-	žaχχḗrū!	žaχχírna!	-	-
participle	mužaχχḗr
verbal noun	žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 2P conjugation: žuχχā́r 'to be recorded'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žuχχárθī	žuχχárθa	žuχχárθi	žuχχā́r	žuχχā́raθ	žuχχárnė	žuχχárθum	žuχχárθin	žuχχā́rū	žuχχā́rė
subjunctive	wažuχχárθī	wažuχχárθa	wažuχχárθi	wažuχχā́r	wažuχχā́raθ	wažuχχárnė	wažuχχárθum	wažuχχárθin	wažuχχā́rū	wažuχχā́rė
present	ʔažuχėχā́r	θažuχėχā́r	θažuχėχā́rī	yažuχėχā́r	yažuχėχā́rī	nažuχėχā́r	θažuχėχā́rū	θažuχėχárna	yažuχėχā́rū	yažuχėχárna
future	ʔažuχχā́r	θažuχχā́r	θažuχχā́rī	yažuχχā́r	yažuχχā́rī	nažuχχā́r	θažuχχā́rū	θažuχχárna	yažuχχā́rū	yažuχχárna
optative	ʔažuχχaránna	θažuχχaránna	θažuχχarínna	yažuχχaránna	yažuχχarínna	nažuχχaránna	θažuχχarúnna	θažuχχarnánna	yažuχχarúnna	yažuχχarnánna
jussive	ʔažúχχar	θažúχχar	θažúχχarī	yažúχχar	yažúχχarī	nažúχχar	θažúχχarū	θažúχχarna	yažuχχarū	yažúχχarna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mužuχχā́r
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Binyan 3A conjugation: hakdḗs 'to dedicate, to set apart'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hakdísθī	hakdísθa	hakdísθi	hakdḗs	hakdḗsaθ	hakdísnė	hakdísθum	hakdísθin	hakdḗsū	hakdḗsė
subjunctive	wakdísθī	wakdísθa	wakdísθi	wakdḗs	wakdḗsaθ	wakdísnė	wakdísθum	wakdísθin	wakdḗsū	wakdḗsė
present	ʔakėdḗs	θakėdḗs	θakėdḗsī	yakėdḗs	yakėdḗsī	nakėdḗs	θakėdḗsū	θakėdísna	yakėdḗsū	yakėdísna
future	ʔakdḗs	θakdḗs	θakdḗsī	yakdḗs	yakdḗsī	nakdḗs	θakdḗsū	θakdísna	yakdḗsū	yakdísna
optative	ʔakdisánna	θakdisánna	θakdisínna	yakdisánna	yakdisínna	nakdisánna	θakdisúnna	θakdisnánna	yakdisúnna	yakdisnánna
jussive	ʔákdis	θákdis	θákdisī	yákdis	yákdisī	nákdis	θákdisū	θákdisna	yákdisū	yákdisna
imperative	-	hakdḗs!	hakdḗsī!	-	-	-	hakdḗsū!	hakdísna!	-	-
participle	makdḗs
verbal noun	hakdū́s

Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl

A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.

Binyan 3A conjugation: hukdā́s 'to dedicate, to set apart'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hukdásθī	hukdásθa	hukdásθi	hukdā́s	hukdā́saθ	hukdásnė	hukdásθum	hukdásθin	hukdā́sū	hukdā́sė
subjunctive	wukdásθī	wukdásθa	wukdásθi	wukdā́s	wukdā́saθ	wukdásnė	wukdásθum	wukdásθin	wukdā́sū	wukdā́sė
present	ʔukėdā́s	θukėdā́s	θukėdā́sī	yukėdā́s	yukėdā́sī	nukėdā́s	θukėdā́sū	θukėdásna	yukėdā́sū	yukėdásna
future	ʔukdā́s	θukdā́s	θukdā́sī	yukdā́s	yukdā́sī	nukdā́s	θukdā́sū	θukdásna	yukdā́sū	yukdásna
optative	ʔukdasánna	θukdasánna	θukdasínna	yukdasánna	yukdasínna	nukdasánna	θukdasúnna	θukdasnánna	yukdasúnna	yukdasnánna
jussive	ʔúkdas	θúkdas	θúkdasī	yúkdas	yúkdasī	núkdas	θúkdasū	θúkdasna	yúkdasū	yúkdasna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mukdā́s
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.

Binyan 4: haφθaȝāl

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X", tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Examples:

• hastacȝēd 'to dare, to venture'
• hastažχēr 'to make note of'
• hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastatȝēm 'to attempt'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hastatȝimθī	hastatȝimθa	hastatȝimθi	hastatȝēm	hastatȝēmaθ	hastatȝimnė	hastatȝimtum	hastatȝimtin	hastatȝēmū	hastatȝēmė
subjunctive	wastatȝimθī	wastatȝimθa	wastatȝimθi	wastatȝēm	wastatȝēmaθ	wastatȝimnė	wastatȝimtum	wastatȝimtin	wastatȝēmū	wastatȝēmė
present	ʔastatėȝēm	θastatėȝēm	θastatėȝēmī	yastatėȝēm	yastatėȝēmī	nastatėȝēm	θastatėȝēmū	θastatėȝimna	yastatėȝēmū	yastatėȝimna
future	ʔastatȝēm	θastatȝēm	θastatȝēmī	yastatȝēm	yastatȝēmī	nastatȝēm	θastatȝēmū	θastatȝimna	yastatȝēmū	yastatȝimna
optative	ʔastatȝimanna	θastatȝimanna	θastatȝiminna	yastatȝimanna	yastatȝiminna	nastatȝimanna	θastatȝimunna	θastatȝimnanna	yastatȝimunna	yastatȝimnanna
imperative	-	hastatȝēm!	hastatȝēmī!	-	-	-	hastatȝēmū!	hastatȝimna!	-	-
participle	mustatȝēm
verbal noun	hastatȝūm

Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastutȝām 'to be attempted'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hastutȝamtī	hastutȝamta	hastutȝamti	hastutȝām	hastutȝāmaθ	hastutȝamnė	hastutȝamtum	hastutȝamtin	hastutȝāmū	hastutȝāmė
subjunctive	wastutȝamtī	wastutȝamta	wastutȝamti	wastutȝām	wastutȝāmaθ	wastutȝamnė	wastutȝamtum	wastutȝamtin	wastutȝāmū	wastutȝāmė
present	ʔastutėȝām	θastutėȝām	θastutėȝāmī	yastutėȝām	yastutėȝāmī	nastutėȝām	θastutėȝāmū	θastutėȝamna	yastutėȝāmū	yastutėȝamna
future	ʔastutȝām	θastutȝām	θastutȝāmī	yastutȝām	yastutȝāmī	nastutȝām	θastutȝāmū	θastutȝamna	yastutȝāmū	yastutȝamna
optative	ʔastutȝamanna	θastutȝamanna	θastutȝaminna	yastutȝamanna	yastutȝaminna	nastutȝamanna	θastutȝamunna	θastutȝamnanna	yastutȝamunna	yastutȝamnanna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mustutȝām
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Numerals

update

1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.