Proto-Maro-Ephenian: Difference between revisions

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! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal  
! colspan="3" | Coronal  
! colspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="3" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small> dental <small>
! <small> dental <small>
! <small> alveolar <small>
! <small> lateral <small>
! <small> lateral <small>
! <small> post-<br>alveolar <small>
! <small> post-<br>alveolar <small>
Line 35: Line 33:
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *m
| *m
| colspan="3" | *n
| colspan="2" | *n
| colspan="2" | *ń
| colspan="2" | *ń
|
|
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| *p
| *p
| *t
| *t
| *t̂
| *tˡ
| *tˡ
| *t́
| *t́
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|  
|  
| *d
| *d
| *d̂
| *dˡ
| *dˡ
| *d́
| *d́
Line 73: Line 69:
| *bʰ
| *bʰ
| *dʰ
| *dʰ
| *d̂ʰ
| *dˡʰ
| *dˡʰ
| *d́ʰ
| *d́ʰ
Line 79: Line 74:
| *gʰ
| *gʰ
| *gʷʰ
| *gʷʰ
|
| *ɡ̆ʰ
|
| *ɡ̆ʷʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
|
| colspan="4" | *s
| colspan="3" | *s
|
|
|
|
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! colspan="2" | Trill
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
| colspan="2" | *r₁, *r₂
|
| colspan="7" | *r₃
|
| *r₁
| colspan="5" | *r₂
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Lateral
|
|
| *l₁
| colspan="6" | *l₂
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
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|
|
|
|
| *l
| colspan="2" | *i̯
|
| *y
|
|
| *w
| *u̯
|
|
|
|
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==Sound laws==
==Sound laws==
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" | PME
! colspan="3" | Maro-Stiric
! colspan="2" | Talothic
! colspan="2" | Iscaric
! rowspan="2" | Proto-<br>Fyrdic
|-
! Proto-<br>Maro-<br>Stiric
! Stiric
! Old<br>Marian
! Proto-<br>Talothic
! [[Dalitian]]
! Proto-<br>Iscaric
! [[Aeranir]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *p
| *p; *pʰ
| p, ph
| p, f
| *p; *pʰ; *pť
| p, ph, pt
| *p
| p
| *f; *b
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *bʰ
| *bʰ; b
| bh, b
| b
| *pʰ; *p; *pť
| ph, p, pt
| *ɸ; *β
| f, b
| *b; *f
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *t
| *t; *tʰ
| t, th
| t, ϑ
| *t; *tʰ; *ts; *ťť
| t, th, s, tt
| *t̪; *ts
| t, ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d
| *d; *dʰ
| d, dh
| d
| *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď
| d, th, s, z
| *d̪
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *dʰ
| *dʰ; *d
| dh, d
| d
| *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť
| th, t, s, tt
| *θ; *ð
| f, d; b
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *t̂
| *ʈ; *ʈʰ
| ṭ, ṭh
| t, ϑ
| *t; *tʰ; *ts; ťť
| t, th, s, tt
| *t; *ts
| t, ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d̂
| *ɖ; *ɖʰ
| ḍ; ḷ, ḍh; ḷh
| d
| *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď
| d, th, s, z
| *d
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d̂ʰ
| *ɖʰ; *ɖ
| ḍh; ḷh, ḍ; ḷ
| d
| *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť
| th, t, s, tt
| *r̥; *r̝; d
| rh [r̥], r; b, d
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *tˡ
| *č; *čʰ
| c, ch
| č
| *ts; *ťť
| s, tt
| *tɬ; *ts
| tl [tɬ], ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *dˡ
| *ǰ; *ǰʰ
| j, h
| ǰ
| *ds; *ďď
| s, z
| *d
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *dˡʰ
| *ǰʰ; *ǰ
| h, j
| ǰ
| *ts; *ťť
| s, tt
| *ɬ; *ɮ; d
| f, l; b, d
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *t́
| *č; *čʰ
| c, ch
| č
| *ts; *ťť
| s, tt
| *ts
| ȥ [ts]
| *þ; *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d́
| *ǰ; *ǰʰ
| j, h
| ǰ
| *ds, *ďď
| s, z
| *d
| d
| *t
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *d́ʰ
| *ǰʰ; *ǰ
| h, j
| ǰ
| *ts; *ťť
| s, tt
| *s̠; *z̠; d
| s, r; b, d
| *d
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *ḱ
| *ĉ
| ś
| ϑ
| *k; *kʰ; *ťť
| k, kh, tt
| *k
| c
| *h; *g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *ǵ
| *ǰ; *ǰʰ
| j, h
| d
| *g; *kʰ; *ďď
| g, kh, z
| *g
| g
| *k; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *ǵʰ
| *ǰʰ; *ǰ
| h, j
| d
| *kʰ; k; *ťť
| kh, k, tt
| *x; *ɣ
| h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g
| *g; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *k
| *k; *kʰ; *č
| k, kh, c
| k, x, č
| *k; *kʰ; *ťť
| k, kh, tt
| *k
| c
| *h; *g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *g
| *g; *gʰ; *ǰ
| g, gh, j
| g, ǰ
| *g; *kʰ; *ďď
| g, kh, z
| *g
| g
| *k; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *gʰ
| *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ
| gh, g, h, j
| g, ǰ
| *kʰ; *k; *ťť
| kh, k, tt
| *x; *ɣ
| h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g
| *g; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *kʷ
| *k; *kʰ; *č
| k, kh, c
| k, x, č
| *kʷ; *kʷʰ; *ťť
| p; t; k,<br>ph; th; kh, tt
| *kʷ
| cu; c
| *hw; *gw; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *gʷ
| *g; *gʰ; *ǰ
| g, gh, j
| g, ǰ
| *gʷ; *kʷʰ; *ďď
| b; d; g,<br>ph; th; kh, z
| *gʷ
| v [ʋ]; gu
| *kw; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *gʷʰ
| *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ
| gh, g, h, j
| g, ǰ
| *kʷʰ; *kʷ; *ťť
| ph; th; kh,<br>p; t; k, tt
| *xʷ; *ɣʷ
| f, v [ʋ]; gu
| *gw; *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *q
| *q; *qʰ; *č
| k, kh, c
| q, χ, č
| *k; *kʰ; *ťť
| k, kh, tt
| *q
| q
| *ħ; *ʕ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! *qʷ
| *q; *qʰ; *č
| k, kh, c
| q, χ, č
| *kʷ; *kʷʰ; +ťť
| p; t; k,<br>ph; th; kh, tt
| *qʷ
| qu; q
| *ħw; *ʕw; *ħ
|}
==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Noun declension
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! athematic
! thematic
! pronominal
! athematic
! thematic
! pronominal
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''*-s''
| ''*-os''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-s†''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-r₁''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-or₁''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ōs''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''*-e''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''*-m̥''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-om''
| ''*-ē''
| ''*-i''
| ''*-oy''
| ''*-ō(n)''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Inanimate Nom/Acc
| ''*-d''
| ''*-n̥t''
| ''*-ont''
| ''*-er₁''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''*-u''
| ''*-ow''
| ''*-wos''
| ''*-ur₁''
| ''*-owr̥₁''
| ''*-uh''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''*-s/*-es/*-os''
| ''*-osyo''
| ''*-oy''
| ''*-ir₁''
| ''*-obʰos''
| ''*-stros''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| ''*-ey/-oy''
| ''*-oey/-ōy''
| ''*-bʰey''
| ''*-n̥r₃''
| ''*-onr̥₃''
| ''*-sbʰeys''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| ''*-eyd''
| ''*-er₂d''
| ''*-e-e‡''
| ''*-n̥s''
| ''*-ons''
| ''*-mos''
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| ''*-sis''
| ''*-osis''
| ''*-eys''
| ''*-sr̥₂''
| ''*-osr̥₂''
| ''*-esr̥₂''
|}


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==

Latest revision as of 15:59, 26 December 2019

Proto-Maro-Ephenian
Created byLimius
SettingAvrid
Maro-Ephenian
  • Proto-Maro-Ephenian
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Proto-Maro-Ephenian (PME) is the ancient common ancestor of the Maro-Ephenian languages, spoken broadly throughout Ephenia, Eubora, and parts of Suria. This includes Aeranir and its descendants, Dalitian, and many others.

Phonology

Consonant phonemes
Labial Coronal Velar Uvular Glottal
dental lateral post-
alveolar 		palato-
velar 		plain labial plain labial
Nasal *m *n *ń
Stop voiceless *p *t *tˡ *t́ *ḱ *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *d *dˡ *d́ *ɡ́ *g *gʷ
aspirated *bʰ *dʰ *dˡʰ *d́ʰ *ɡ́ʰ *gʰ *gʷʰ *ɡ̆ʰ *ɡ̆ʷʰ
Fricative *s *h
Trill *r₁ *r₂
Lateral *l₁ *l₂
Approximate *i̯ *u̯

Sound laws

Consonant phonemes
PME Maro-Stiric Talothic Iscaric Proto-
Fyrdic
Proto-
Maro-
Stiric 		Stiric Old
Marian 		Proto-
Talothic 		Dalitian Proto-
Iscaric 		Aeranir
*p *p; *pʰ p, ph p, f *p; *pʰ; *pť p, ph, pt *p p *f; *b
*bʰ *bʰ; b bh, b b *pʰ; *p; *pť ph, p, pt *ɸ; *β f, b *b; *f
*t *t; *tʰ t, th t, ϑ *t; *tʰ; *ts; *ťť t, th, s, tt *t̪; *ts t, ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*d *d; *dʰ d, dh d *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď d, th, s, z *d̪ d *t
*dʰ *dʰ; *d dh, d d *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť th, t, s, tt *θ; *ð f, d; b *d
*t̂ *ʈ; *ʈʰ ṭ, ṭh t, ϑ *t; *tʰ; *ts; ťť t, th, s, tt *t; *ts t, ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*d̂ *ɖ; *ɖʰ ḍ; ḷ, ḍh; ḷh d *d; *tʰ; *ds; *ďď d, th, s, z *d d *t
*d̂ʰ *ɖʰ; *ɖ ḍh; ḷh, ḍ; ḷ d *tʰ; *t; *ts; *ťť th, t, s, tt *r̥; *r̝; d rh [r̥], r; b, d *d
*tˡ *č; *čʰ c, ch č *ts; *ťť s, tt *tɬ; *ts tl [tɬ], ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*dˡ *ǰ; *ǰʰ j, h ǰ *ds; *ďď s, z *d d *t
*dˡʰ *ǰʰ; *ǰ h, j ǰ *ts; *ťť s, tt *ɬ; *ɮ; d f, l; b, d *d
*t́ *č; *čʰ c, ch č *ts; *ťť s, tt *ts ȥ [ts] *þ; *d
*d́ *ǰ; *ǰʰ j, h ǰ *ds, *ďď s, z *d d *t
*d́ʰ *ǰʰ; *ǰ h, j ǰ *ts; *ťť s, tt *s̠; *z̠; d s, r; b, d *d
*ḱ *ĉ ś ϑ *k; *kʰ; *ťť k, kh, tt *k c *h; *g
*ǵ *ǰ; *ǰʰ j, h d *g; *kʰ; *ďď g, kh, z *g g *k; *h
*ǵʰ *ǰʰ; *ǰ h, j d *kʰ; k; *ťť kh, k, tt *x; *ɣ h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g *g; *h
*k *k; *kʰ; *č k, kh, c k, x, č *k; *kʰ; *ťť k, kh, tt *k c *h; *g
*g *g; *gʰ; *ǰ g, gh, j g, ǰ *g; *kʰ; *ďď g, kh, z *g g *k; *h
*gʰ *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ gh, g, h, j g, ǰ *kʰ; *k; *ťť kh, k, tt *x; *ɣ h; Ø, gh [ɣ]; g *g; *h
*kʷ *k; *kʰ; *č k, kh, c k, x, č *kʷ; *kʷʰ; *ťť p; t; k,
ph; th; kh, tt 		*kʷ cu; c *hw; *gw; *h
*gʷ *g; *gʰ; *ǰ g, gh, j g, ǰ *gʷ; *kʷʰ; *ďď b; d; g,
ph; th; kh, z 		*gʷ v [ʋ]; gu *kw; *h
*gʷʰ *gʰ; *g; *ǰʰ; *ǰ gh, g, h, j g, ǰ *kʷʰ; *kʷ; *ťť ph; th; kh,
p; t; k, tt 		*xʷ; *ɣʷ f, v [ʋ]; gu *gw; *h
*q *q; *qʰ; *č k, kh, c q, χ, č *k; *kʰ; *ťť k, kh, tt *q q *ħ; *ʕ
*qʷ *q; *qʰ; *č k, kh, c q, χ, č *kʷ; *kʷʰ; +ťť p; t; k,
ph; th; kh, tt 		*qʷ qu; q *ħw; *ʕw; *ħ

Nouns

Declension

Noun declension
Singular Plural
athematic thematic pronominal athematic thematic pronominal
Nominative *-s *-os *-s† *-r₁ *-or₁ *-ōs
Vocative *-e
Accusative *-m̥ *-om *-ē *-i *-oy *-ō(n)
Inanimate Nom/Acc *-d *-n̥t *-ont *-er₁
Essive *-u *-ow *-wos *-ur₁ *-owr̥₁ *-uh
Genitive *-s/*-es/*-os *-osyo *-oy *-ir₁ *-obʰos *-stros
Dative *-ey/-oy *-oey/-ōy *-bʰey *-n̥r₃ *-onr̥₃ *-sbʰeys
Ablative *-eyd *-er₂d *-e-e‡ *-n̥s *-ons *-mos
Locative *-sis *-osis *-eys *-sr̥₂ *-osr̥₂ *-esr̥₂


Lexicon

Proto-Maro-Ephenian Roots

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