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→Morphology
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==Morphology== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
Nouns fall into several noun classes, w- (animate), l-(tools), n-(spirits and locations), ø- (inanimate) which in turn are inflected for grammatical case and number (singular-plural) | |||
Example paradigm for the animate noun '''dar''' | |||
{| class="greentable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan ="0" | Number || colspan="2" | Singular || colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | absolutive | |||
| colspan = "2" | ẉ́dar || udári | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | ergative | |||
| colspan = "2" | udárano || udáranoi | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | vocative | |||
| colspan = "2" | udáre || udárei | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Collective nouns may be formed by replication following '''CVC > CV-CVC''', e.g., ''dano'' ‘fruit’ → ''dadano'' ‘a harvest of fruits’. | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
Pronouns have a slightly different set of inflections. | |||
{| class="greentable" | |||
! colspan="4" | First person singular "I" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan ="0" | Number || colspan="2" | Singular || colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | absolutive | |||
| colspan = "2" | in || ini | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | ergative | |||
| colspan = "2" | inis || inisi | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | genitive | |||
| colspan = "2" | inisi || inisii | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example text== | |||
JRR Tolkien, LotR, pp 412-3: | |||
#Gondor! Gondor, between the Mountains and the Sea! | |||
#West Wind blew there; the light upon the Silver Tree | |||
#Fell like bright rain in gardens of the Kings of old. | |||
#O proud walls! White towers! O wingèd crown and throne of gold! | |||
#O Gondor, Gondor! Shall men behold the Silver Tree, | |||
#Or West Wind blow again between the Mountains and the Sea? | |||
#Gondor! Gondor, daits nanarsizara | |||
#gauts naits nuna ẉ́bolbezi; zazal daursibana ditso | |||
#zal dodolzena unár udár dadaurisigora ẉ́dolbe. | |||
==Hūnnir hār Tanwār== | |||
===ekʲãgs koymuns=== | |||
# T, N → 0 / #_V | |||
#: ''ano'' ( ← ''dano'') ‘fruit’, ''anar'' ( ← ''nanar'') ‘mountain range’ | |||
====Sketch 2a==== | |||
# T K → θ χ / R_V | |||
#: ''arθano'' ( ← ''ardano'') ‘tall fruit’ , ''arχaitso'' ( ← ''argaitso'') ‘high stronghold’ | |||
# au → ō / | |||
#: ''adōr'' ( ← ''adaur'') | |||
# in polysyllabic words e, a, o → ø / _# | |||
#: ''arχaits ẉ́dar'' ( ← ''arχaitso ẉd́ar'') | |||
====Sketch 2b==== | |||
# N → 0 / V_V | |||
#: ''iis'' ( ← ''inis'') | |||
====Sketch 2c==== | |||
# e, i → je, ji / #_ | |||
#: ''jedéro'' ( ← ''edéro''), ''jin'' ( ← ''in'') | |||
# ai → æː | |||
#: ''gæːtso'' ( ← ''gaitso'') ‘stronghold’ | |||
# j, w → ji, wi / _C | |||
#: ''wizazal'' ( ← ''ẉ́zazal'') ‘jewellery smith’ | |||
# ṇ, ṛ, ḷ → in, ir, il / _C | |||
#: ''índor'' ( ← ''ṇ́dor'') ‘place by river’ | |||
# oi → ū | |||
# unstressed [front], [back] → ĭ, ə̆ | |||
#: ''ardə̆nə̆'' ( ← ''ardano''), absolutive ''widə̆r'' (← ''wídar'') ‘lord’ but ''ə̆dárə̆nə̆'' ( ← ''udárano'') in the ergative. | |||
#loss of word-final ĭ and ə̆ | |||
#: ''argæːts'' ( ← ''argæːtsə̆'') | |||
# fortition of ĭ, ə̆ → e, u / C_C | |||
#:''arendur'' ( ← ''arĭndə̆r'') | |||
# loss of remaining ĭ and ə̆ | |||
#: ergative ''dárun'' ( ← ''ə̆dárə̆n'') ‘lord’ | |||
{| class="greentable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan ="0" | Number || colspan="2" | Singular || colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | absolutive | |||
| colspan = "2" | wídar || dar | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | ergative | |||
| colspan = "2" | dárun (← ''ə̆dárə̆nə̆'') || dárunu ( ← ''ə̆dárə̆nū'') | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | vocative | |||
| colspan = "2" | dar || dáre | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | genitive | |||
| colspan = "2" | dárus ( ← ''ə̆dárə̆sĭ'') || dáruse ( ← ''ə̆dárə̆sī'') | |||
|} | |||
{| class="greentable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan ="0" | Number || colspan="2" | Singular || colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | absolutive | |||
| colspan = "2" | arendur || arendur | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | ergative | |||
| colspan = "2" | arendur (← ''arĭndə̆r'') || arendur ( ← ''arĭndə̆r'') | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | vocative | |||
| colspan = "2" | arendur || arendur | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "1" | genitive | |||
| colspan = "2" | arendures( ← ''arĭndə̆rĭsĭ'') || arenduresi ( ← ''arĭndə̆rĭsī'') | |||
|} | |||
==wrādes bhasyos== | ==wrādes bhasyos== | ||
===Prima derivatio=== | ===Prima derivatio=== | ||