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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the Swutsim people. It is still often used as a liturgical language among religious Swutsim.
[[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list]]
 
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''tiSxwəncim'') was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the Swuntsim people. It is still used as a liturgical language among [[Verse:Tricin/Swuntsim people|religious Swuntsim]].


Descendants:
Descendants:
*[[Talman Swutsim]]
*Modern [[Swuntsim]]
*Naquian Swutsim
*Naquian Swuntsim
==Numbers==
==GMP==
1: *-an
Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged)


2: *-xʷiš
Two consecutive breathy vowels > just the first vowel drops.


3: *-ʔiyəm
Satemization


4: *-udzuq
==Phonology==
Sacred Swuntsim lost Proto-Tsimulh tones.
===Consonants===


5: *-t'u
{| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center
|-style="font-size: 90%;"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2| Bilabial
!colspan=2| Alveolar
!rowspan=2| Palatal
!colspan=2| Velar
!colspan=2| Uvular
!rowspan=2| Glottal
|-
! <small>central</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>labialized</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>labialized</small>
|-
!colspan=2| Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=3| Stop
! <small>plain</small>
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kw
|
|
| ʔ
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| b
| d
|
|
| g
| gw
|
|
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
| pʼ
| tʼ
|
|
| kʼ
| kwʼ
| qʼ
| qwʼ
|
|-
!rowspan=3| Affricate
! <small>plain</small>
|
| c
| ξ
| č
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|
| z
|
| j
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
|
| cʼ
| ξʼ
| čʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Fricative
|
| s
| σ
| š
|
| xw
| χ
| χw
| h
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
|
|
|
| y
|
| w
| ȝ
| ȝw
|
|}


6: *-čaydž
===Vowels===
 
Clear vowels: ''i u ə a''
7: *-buč'o
 
8: *-gwiməʔ
 
9: *-anay
 
10: *-kʷ'in


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Noun classes====
====Noun classes====
Sacred Swutsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
Sacred Swuntsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-''
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-''
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-''
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-''
Line 38: Line 152:
#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-''
#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-''
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-''
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-''
#''gu-'', pl. ''n-''
#''gu-'', pl. ''N-''
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-''
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-''
#''t-''
#''t-''
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Noun class prefixes====
====Noun class prefixes====
*I = ''kʷə-''
*I = ''kwə-/kw-''
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
*you (sg) = ''xwə-/xw-''
*we = ''wə-''
*we = ''wə-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*Noun class prefixes:
*Noun class prefixes:
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-''
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-/c-''
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-''
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-/d-''
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-''
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-/əp-''
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-''
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-''
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-''
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-/pσ-''
*#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-''
*#''ma-/mə-'', pl. ''əwə-/u-''
*#''č-'', pl. ''abi-''
*#''k-/č-'', pl. ''abi-/əb-''
*#''gu-'', pl. ''n-''
*#''gu-'', pl. ''N-''
*#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-''
*#''σi-/σ-'', pl. ''wi-''
*#''t-'', no plural
*#''ti-/t-'', no plural
*#''t’im-'', no plural
*#''t’im-'', no plural
*#''pda-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural
*#''pda-/pdə-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural


====Tense affixes====
====Tense affixes====
''-s'' - past tense
''-s'' - past tense
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]]
 
1: *-an
 
2: *-xʷiš
 
3: *-ʔiyəm
 
4: *-udzuq
 
5: *-t'u
 
6: *-čaydž
 
7: *-buč'oh
 
8: *-gwiməʔ
 
9: *-anay
 
10: *-kʷ'in
 
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]]
 
 
[[Category:Tsimulh languages]]
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