Proto-Settameric/Swadesh list

No.	English	PS	Notes
1	I	*n-	Appears as *-an (1st person transitive subject), *-kan (1st person intransitive subject).
2	you (sg.)	*ki-	Appears as *-akʷ (1st person transitive subject), *-kəxʷ (1st person intransitive subject).
3	we	*mi-
4	this	*ɣi	Proximal marker, contransted with *jooθə - another proximate marker, the difference between them is not established.
5	that	*ət	Distal marker, far from both speaker and listener. Contrasts with *da as the medial-distance marker, far from speaker but close to listener.
6	who	*kʷarsə	Higher animate (used when talking about humans), contrasts with *tʰam, used with nouns of a lower animacy.
7	what	*wat
8	not	*kää-	A prefix, used together with nominals.
9	all	*lčus, *njumʼə
10	many	*səłku-(t/s)	The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final *-t, while other languages point towards *-s instead.
11	one	*njeem
12	two	*meeja
13	big	*ɣʷiin
14	long	*kił
15	small	*iłiiqʰi
16	woman	*eełəŋ(kʼə)	*kʼ only shows in the Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language).
17	man	*jootuqʼee	Problematic, as most languages have different words, like *(i)nees, or *ajtax (this word probably originally meant "husband").
18	person	*nipeekʰ	Derives from *ni- and *weekʰu "people".
19	fish	*čʰuu, *qəqoon	*qəqoon probably meant "salmon" and kept its original meaning in Western languages.
20	bird	–	All branches show different words for "bird", such as *peeleeš, *lčaŋkłəs, or *cʼisqʷə.
21	horse	*ilaar	Dogs do not exist on Liifam, a word for "horse" is listed instead.
22	louse	*θirxee
23	tree	*čʰikʷee
24	seed	*θalču(jŋə)	The Western languages point to *θalču, while the Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ.
25	leaf	*pəlaŋqʼa
26	root	*čʼəłəjip
27	bark (n.)	*xeerɣʷa
28	skin	*ʟuuqʼə, *θərə
29	meat	*dääw, *diɣʷ	Both *dääw and *diɣʷ gave words for "meat", but *dääw likely meant "cheek".
30	blood	–	Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: *arə, *ałkʷə and *cʰooxi.
31	bone	*łəqʷ, *xoockʼee
32	grease	*woolxə, *njooš	*njooš likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".
33	egg	*tqaalx	The root *njujee, that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".
34	horn	*wiiʟ
35	tail	*čʼaakʼee, *ncaak	The most common root that gave words for "tail" is *njaɣə (more precisely its doublet *ŋaɣə) "fish tail", while *čʼaakʼee "animal tail" is found only in the Southern branch. The root *ncaak probably meant "back".
36	feather	*miixee, *miiqʷee	The western languages point towards *miiqʷee, while the Southern show reflexes of *miixee. Various Eastern languages have reflexes of *iłoop-čə instead.
37	hair	*ʟʼeepe
38	head	*tʼuqʷ	Various languages derive their words for "head" from *qamsə "face", *oori "forward", *čiiŋqə "forehead".
39	ear	*ʟʼaatə, *noo(tə)x	The root *noo(t)xə can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as *noox, while for others - *notxə. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.
40	eye	*qʰałee
41	nose	*łəqʼaw
42	mouth	*qʷeeθ, *ooł	The Far Eastern and the Southern langauges derive their word for "mouth" from *ʟʼeeqʷθə "throat".
43	tooth	–	Various languages show reflexes of different roots: *qiɣee, *xecas, *əlʼəwnux ("tip", "blade"). *xecas often has the meaning of "fangs", while *qiɣee gives words for "needle".
44	tongue	*qʰiił, *mqiił	The root *mqiił looks like an old derivation of *qʰiił and likely meant "chewing". The meaning of "speaking" probably appeared from the contamination of a similar root *mqal "language".
45	fingernail	–	Problematic, as various languages point to two roots *kʼwitʼə and *toonxə, both of which meant something related to animals, like"claws" or "scales".
46	foot	*θitʼeeł
47	knee	*pʼiqee, *aqeet	Both roots could have meant "knee", based on the data from modern descendants.
48	hand	*diim	Most languages derive their words for "hand" from *-nulkʼ- ("carrying in hands"), or *-iq ("by" or "with").
49	belly	*tʼaaka, *kʰis	The root *kʰis likely meant "body". The Western languages derive their words from *wulun "round" instead.
50	neck	*qʷaj	The Eastern languages point to *səkʷeen "the rotating one".
51	breast	*ipee
52	heart	*tʼiŋqee, *łəmcas	The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from *łəmcas, which meant "middle".
53	liver	*(r/ł)aaqʷa,	The Western languages show initial *r-, while the Eastern ones show *ł'-'. The Southern branch derives their words from *łiqʷ "meat", or *tʰištə "spleen".
54	drink	*mɣoor
55	eat	*qʼancə	The Plain Eastern languages have *miis or *moos instead, the exact vowel can not be determined because of the sound change *oo>*ii in those languages. likely a substrate word.
56	bite	*łəθkoo
57	see	*noonʼə, *njən	Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively. Most languages derive their words from both roots.
58	hear	*meeʟʼ, *mi	Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
59	know	*qʰoom	The Western languages derive their words from *fis "understand" instead.
60	sleep	*kʼʷooł, *iłkʼʷə	The root *iłkʼʷə is likely a later derivation of *kʼʷooł, and meant "to dream".
61	die	*njapʰee, *likumʼə	The root *njapʰee probably meant "dying of unnatural causes", while *likumʼə was likely "dying of old age".
62	kill	*əłxəmʼa
63	swim	*moor, *ool	*ool meant "passive swimming" or "floating".
64	fly (v.)	*njool, *njil	Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
65	go	*wii, *haa
66	come	*θoonʼə
67	lie	*łiiʟʼee, *łooθa	*łooθa probably meant "to lie down", but its reflexes often mean "to lie" in the daughter languages.
68	sit	θliiqʷrə *θlaar	*θlaar was a perfective root and meant "to sit down".
69	stand	*ʟaa	The Southern languages don't show this root, instead their words for "to stand" are derived from *ɣaap.
70	give	–	No root can be reconstructed. Western languages show the root *-iq-, which also had the meaning of "carrying". Other languages have different roots and in the Eastern languages the verb "to give" has no root and its person and aspect affixes do not attach to anything.
71	say	*qoołt
72	sun	*cos	All Eastern languages derive their word for "sun" from the root *kiŋ "day".
73	moon	*lʼunčə
74	star	*neejus
75	water	*qʷʰee, *wʼeep	The root *qʷʰee could mean "any liquid in general", not specifically "drinking water".
76	rain	*ijʼu	Some Southern languages point toward *jooɣʷ, which is the word for "dew" in the Western languages.
77	stone	*njiɣee, *čikʷee	The root *čikʷee probably meant "large rock".
78	sand	*qʼoop, *iłxiθ
79	land	*eemxə, *mʼee, *čakʰ	Roots *čakʰ and *eemxə likely meant "dirt".
80	cloud	*awʼaθa, *eensur	*eensur gave words for "sky" in various languages. Some also derive them from awʼiin, that likely contained the older root for "cloud *awʼ-.
81	smoke	*(a)wʼeečqee	It contains the old root *awʼ-, but the initial *a- was lost in most languages.
82	fire	*eeŋeeŋqʼʷə, *fleeŋqʼʷə	Both roots contain *-eeŋqʼʷə of an unknown meaning.
83	ashes	*kiflum, *pilaŋkʼee
84	burn	*pooł, *qʷʰał
85	path	*łəɣtə
86	mountain	*mooθum
87	red	*pʼač(-kə)
88	green	*qʼoomi, *tqʼoom, *quuł	Both *qʼoomi and *quuł often give words for "blue".
89	yellow	*riiqu
90	white	*eequ
91	black	*quɣu
92	night	*tʰax, *nääɣtə, *eetʰək
93	warm	*pacʰee, *kʷääxi	*kʷääxi meant "hot", while *pacʰee meant "mildly warm".
94	cold	*kʼiiwŋə, *ljirqə	*kʼiiwŋə meant "mildly cool", while *ljirqə meant "freezing, cold".
95	full	*njuši
96	new	*cʼiiwi, *setni
97	good	*qarsi
98	round	*wulun, *qʼʷeelxə, *duki
99	dry	*qʼaarkə
100	name	*qʰal	The Southern and Far Eastern langauges derive their words for "name" from *akł- "to call" with the addition of suffixes *-iin, *-tee, or *-kə.