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==== Phonology ====
==== Phonology ====


At the left of each cell in the table below is the [[phoneme]], and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 65 consonants were as follows (61 in the chart, 4 below the chart):
At the left of each cell in the table below is the phoneme, and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 65 consonants were as follows (61 in the chart, 4 below the chart):


{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-  
|-  
! <small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>
! <small>central</small>
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n̪}} ''n'' || || || || || || {{IPAlink|ŋ}} ''ņ'' || || ||
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n̪}} ''n'' || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} ''ņ'' || || ||
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="4" | Plosive
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d̪}} ''d'' || || || || || {{IPAlink|ɟ}} ''ǰ'' || {{IPAlink|ɡ}} || {{IPAlink|ɢ}} ''ġ'' || ||
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} ''d'' || || || || || {{IPA|ɟ}} ''ǰ'' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|ɢ}} ''ġ'' || ||
|-  
|-  
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t̪}} ''t'' || || || || || {{IPAlink|c}} ''ķ'' || {{IPAlink|k}} || {{IPAlink|q}} || || {{IPAlink|ʔ}} ''’''
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} ''t'' || || || || || {{IPA|c}} ''ķ'' || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|q}} || || {{IPA|ʔ}} ''’''
|-  
|-  
! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
! <small>aspirated</small>
| pʰ || t̪ʰ ''tʰ'' || || || || || cʰ ''ķʰ'' || kʰ || qʰ || ||  
| pʰ || t̪ʰ ''tʰ'' || || || || || cʰ ''ķʰ'' || kʰ || qʰ || ||  
|-  
|-  
! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
! <small>ejective</small>
| {{IPAlink|pʼ}} || {{IPAlink|t̪ʼ}} ''tʼ'' || || || || || {{IPAlink|cʼ}} ''ķʼ'' || {{IPAlink|kʼ}} || {{IPAlink|qʼ}} || ||
| {{IPA|pʼ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʼ}} ''tʼ'' || || || || || {{IPA|cʼ}} ''ķʼ'' || {{IPA|kʼ}} || {{IPA|qʼ}} || ||
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="4" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan="4" | Affricate
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| || || {{IPAlink|d͡z}} ''ƶ'' || || {{IPAlink|ɖ͡ʐ}} ''ż'' || {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} ''j'' || || || || ||
| || || {{IPA|d͡z}} ''ƶ'' || || {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}} ''ż'' || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} ''j'' || || || || ||
|-  
|-  
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| || || {{IPAlink|t͡s}} ''c'' || || {{IPAlink|ʈ͡ʂ}} ''ċ'' || {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} ''č'' || || || || ||
| || || {{IPA|t͡s}} ''c'' || || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} ''ċ'' || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} ''č'' || || || || ||
|-  
|-  
! <small>aspirated</small>
! <small>aspirated</small>
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|-  
|-  
! <small>ejective</small>
! <small>ejective</small>
| || || {{IPAlink|t͡sʼ}} ''c’'' || || {{IPAlink|ʈ͡ʂʼ}} ''ċʼ'' || {{IPAlink|t͡ʃʼ}} ''č’'' || || || || ||
| || || {{IPA|t͡sʼ}} ''c’'' || || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʼ}} ''ċʼ'' || {{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}} ''č’'' || || || || ||
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|v}} || {{IPAlink|ð}} ''ḑ'' || {{IPAlink|z}} || || {{IPAlink|ʐ}} ''z̧'' || {{IPAlink|ʒ}} ''ž'' || {{IPAlink|ʝ}} ''y̌'' || {{IPAlink|ɣ}} ''ǧ'' || || ||
| {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|ð}} ''ḑ'' || {{IPA|z}} || || {{IPA|ʐ}} ''z̧'' || {{IPA|ʒ}} ''ž'' || {{IPA|ʝ}} ''y̌'' || {{IPA|ɣ}} ''ǧ'' || || ||
|-  
|-  
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|θ}} ''ţ'' || {{IPAlink|s}} || {{IPAlink|ɬ}} ļ || {{IPAlink|ʂ}} ''ş'' || {{IPAlink|ʃ}} ''š'' || {{IPAlink|ç}} || {{IPAlink|x}} || {{IPAlink|χ}} ''x̧'' || {{IPAlink|ħ}} ''ḩ'' || {{IPAlink|h}}
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|θ}} ''ţ'' || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} ļ || {{IPA|ʂ}} ''ş'' || {{IPA|ʃ}} ''š'' || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|χ}} ''x̧'' || {{IPA|ħ}} ''ḩ'' || {{IPA|h}}
|-  
|-  
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| || || || {{IPAlink|l̪}} ''l'' || {{IPAlink|ɻ}} ''ŗ'' || || {{IPAlink|j}} ''y'' || {{IPAlink|w}} || {{IPAlink|ʁ̞}} ''ř'' || ||
| || || || {{IPA|l̪}} ''l'' || {{IPA|ɻ}} ''ŗ'' || || {{IPA|j}} ''y'' || {{IPA|w}} || {{IPA|ʁ̞}} ''ř'' || ||
|-  
|-  
! colspan="2" | Velarized[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | Velarized Approximant
| || || || {{IPAlink|ɫ̪}} ''ł'' || || || || || || ||
| || || || {{IPA|ɫ̪}} ''ł'' || || || || || || ||
|-  
|-  
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
! colspan="2" | Flap
| || || || || {{IPAlink|ɽ}} ''r'' || || || || || ||
| || || || || {{IPA|ɽ}} ''r'' || || || || || ||
|}
|}


The [[phonology|phonological]] system of the original Ithkuil consisted of 65 [[consonant]]s; the ones above, in adittion to the lateral [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and central [[Ejective consonant|ejective]] [[Palatal consonant|palatal]] affricates ''q̌'' /cʎ̥˔ʰ/, ''çʼ'' /c͡çʼ/ and the [[Velar consonant|velar]] affricates ''xʼ'' /k͡xʼ/, ''x̧ʼ'' /q͡χʼ/.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm|title=Ithkuil Phonology|date=2009-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608003709/http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm|archive-date=2009-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808175717/http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Ithkuil/}}</ref> /m n̪ ŋ l ɫ ɻ/ could be syllabic. ''h'' was [ɸ] when preceded by a vowel and followed by another consonant. [cʎ̥˔ʰ] was in free variation with [cʎ̥˔ʼ], the latter being more common at the beginning of a word (both spelt ''q̌''). All consonants except ''y'' and ''w'' could be geminated; when geminated, ''h'' was a [[Voiceless bidental fricative|bidental fricative]] (h̪͆) and ''r'' was an [[Alveolar Trill|alveolar trill]] (/r/).
The phonological system of the original Ithkuil consisted of 65 consonants; the ones above, in adittion to the lateral aspirated and central ejective palatal affricates ''q̌'' /cʎ̥˔ʰ/, ''çʼ'' /c͡çʼ/ and the velar affricates ''xʼ'' /k͡xʼ/, ''x̧ʼ'' /q͡χʼ/.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm|title=Ithkuil Phonology|date=2009-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608003709/http://www.ithkuil.net:80/ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm|archive-date=2009-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808175717/http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Ithkuil/}}</ref> /m n̪ ŋ l ɫ ɻ/ could be syllabic. ''h'' was [ɸ] when preceded by a vowel and followed by another consonant. [cʎ̥˔ʰ] was in free variation with [cʎ̥˔ʼ], the latter being more common at the beginning of a word (both spelt ''q̌''). All consonants except ''y'' and ''w'' could be geminated; when geminated, ''h'' was a bidental fricative (h̪͆) and ''r'' was an alveolar trill (/r/).


At the left of each cell in the table below is the [[phoneme]], and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 17 vowels are as follows:
At the left of each cell in the table below is the phoneme, and at the right its transliterated representation. The original 17 vowels are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
!Unrounded
!Unrounded
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!Rounded
!Rounded
|-
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
!Close
|{{IPA|i}} ''î''
|{{IPA|i}} ''î''
|{{IPA|y}} ''ÿ''
|{{IPA|y}} ''ÿ''
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|{{IPA|u}} ''û''
|{{IPA|u}} ''û''
|-
|-
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
!Near-close
|{{IPA|ɪ}} ''i''
|{{IPA|ɪ}} ''i''
|
|
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|{{IPA|ʊ}} ''u''
|{{IPA|ʊ}} ''u''
|-
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
!Close-mid
|{{IPA|e}} ''ê''
|{{IPA|e}} ''ê''
|{{IPA|ø}}
|{{IPA|ø}}
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|{{IPA|o}} ''ô''
|{{IPA|o}} ''ô''
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
!Open-mid
|{{IPA|ɛ}} ''e''
|{{IPA|ɛ}} ''e''
|{{IPA|œ}} ''ö''
|{{IPA|œ}} ''ö''
Line 432: Line 432:
|{{IPA|ɔ}} ''o''
|{{IPA|ɔ}} ''o''
|-
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
!Open
|{{IPA|æ}} ''ä''
|{{IPA|æ}} ''ä''
|
|
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