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|region        = Unknown
|region        = Unknown
|speakers      = Unknown
|speakers      = Unknown
|date          = 2012
|date          = 2010
|familycolor  = lightgray
|familycolor  = lightgray
|fam1          = Kareykian
|fam1          = Kareykian
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'''Kareyku''' is a case-heavy language with 11 cases and 6 evidentials. Here I was trying a new concept using more evidentials than verb-heavy morphology and being influenced from [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[w:Quechua language|Quechua]], among others. It also uses some particles not unlike [[w:Chinese language|Chinese]]. Mostly the idea was to create a language where a lot of meaning could be conveyed as shortly as possible and using suffixes that convey a who-to-who relationship rather than personal suffixes.
'''Kareyku''' is a case-heavy language with 11 cases and 6 evidentials. Here I was trying a new concept using more evidentials than verb-heavy morphology and being influenced from [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[w:Quechua language|Quechua]], among others. It also uses some particles not unlike [[w:Chinese language|Chinese]]. Mostly the idea was to create a language where a lot of meaning could be conveyed as shortly as possible and using suffixes that convey a who-to-who relationship rather than personal suffixes.
::Sample:
:'''qappakas pilelcha'''
:''Of course I'm eating fish!''


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
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Kareyku is a language that was long due. While I was working on some college exams I came across a very old paper with, what it seemed to be, notes on a language I had apparently abandoned. When I started looking at it I realized immediately that it was a very old jotting and that it had been discarded long ago, but as time had passed I decided I could give this language a better finale.
While I was working on some college exams I came across a very old paper with, what seemed to be, notes on a language I had apparently abandoned. When I started looking at it I realized immediately that it was a very old jotting and that it had been discarded long ago. However as time passed I decided I could give this language a better finale.


The notes were very inconsistent and even contradictory at times, with few examples jotted down with no translation which cannot be understood now. I tried to take as much of the original flavors of the language as I could and structure it, while giving sense and meaning to the sentences. What resulted is Kareyku.
The notes were very inconsistent (and even contradictory at times), with few examples jotted down with no translation which cannot be understood now. I tried to take as much of the original general shape and aesthetic of the language and give it some structure. What resulted is Kareyku.


Many years of reading about this language and that language gave me plenty of ideas I didn't have at the time I discarded it. Mostly this language consists of these new ideas rather than the original which is scarce and impossible to decipher, but not very developed.
Many years of reading about this and that language gave me plenty of ideas I didn't have at the time I discarded it (which might have been very early in my conlanging). Mostly this language consists of these new ideas rather than the original which is scarce and impossible to decipher, but certainly not very developed. Basically I wanted to retain the frame and general shape, but change the grammar to something more interesting.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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Kareyku uses a five vowel system similar to Latin. These are the Kareyku consonants:
Stops: p, t, k, b, d, g
Palatal: ch /tʃ/, j /d͡ʒ/
Fricative:s, sh /ʃ/, h /x/
Nasals: n, m
Laterals: l
Liquid: r /ɾ/
Uvular: q /q͡χ/
Semi-consonants: w /w/, y /j/
These are all the sounds in Kareyku. The diphthongs being: ay, ey, oy, au, eu, ou.
An accent is used to mark where a particular word should be stressed when it is not in the second to last syllable.
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
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| p b
| p b
| t d
| t d
|
| ch j [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ]
| k g
| k g
| q
| q
| k<sup><small>w</small></sup> g<sup><small>w</small></sup>
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="" |Fricative
| f v
|  
| th [θ]
|
|
|
| c [x]
|  
|  
| c<small><sup>w</sup></small> [x<small><sup>w</sup></small>]
|  
|
| h
| h
|-
|-
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|  
|  
| s z
| s z
|
| sh [ʃ]
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|
|
|  
|  
| n<small><sup>w</sup></small>
|  
|   
|   
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| e || || o
| e ɛ || || o ɔ
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
| || a ||
| || a ||
|}
|}
Kareyku diphthongs are: ay, ey, oy, au, eu, ou. Notice that e, i shift to /ɛ/ and o, u to /ɔ/ when next to the uvular.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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Kareyku doesn't use pronominal affixes per se. Although it does have independent pronouns the verb is inflected with what are called "transitions". The transitions indicate the "who to whom" character of the verb. There are 3 main transitions:
Kareyku doesn't use pronominal affixes per se. Although it does have independent pronouns, the verb is inflected with what are called natively "transitions". The transitions indicate the "who–to–whom" character of the verb. Independent pronouns can also be provided to avoid confusion when needed. The language also uses a host of seven evidentials. Other features include a number of postpositions that act as declensional cases and commentary particles.
 
From 1st person to someone else
From 2nd person to someone else
From 3rd person to someone else


In the last two cases independent pronouns are provided to avoid confusion when needed. The logic for Kareyku speakers behind this is that you can only know your intentions. When someone has a present only the giver can know if you are going to give the present to me or to him, hence, the most complete transitions are from the first person, the one I'm sure.
=== Evidentials ===
 
Transition 1 is expressed by infix -ka
Transition 2 is expressed by infix -da
Transition 3 is expressed by infix -ta
 
This transitions are only for the Present tense. Kareyku doesn't use a negative particle, there are two different conjugations, positive and negative, for each tense. The negatives being:
 
Transition 1 is expressed by infix -ke
Transition 2 is expressed by infix -de
Transition 3 is expressed by infix -te
 
So, if you have the verb qappa 'to eat', qappaka means 'I eat (it)'. If you use pilé meaning 'fish' then you get qappaka pilé 'I eat fish' and the negative would be qappake pilé 'I don't eat fish'. The transitions are needed even when there is a subject present, and intransitive verbs take a transition as a subject but regardless the object. Thus, qappaka, can mean 'I eat (it)' as well as 'I am eating'.


Evidentials are used in Kareyku to mark how evident one statement is or the source of said statement. Only one evidential marker can be used each time, and they can be used either with verbs, adjectives or nouns. There are seven evidentials in Kareyku:
Evidentials are used in Kareyku to mark how evident one statement is or the source of said statement. Only one evidential marker can be used each time, and they can be used either with verbs, adjectives or nouns. There are seven evidentials in Kareyku:


-s, -si Determines that the statement is fact either empiric or to the speaker.
{| class="wikitable"
-n, -ni Determines that the speaker heard about the statement.
|-
-ch, -chi Determines that the speaker assumes the statement to be true.
! Evidential !! Description !! Form
-l, -li Determines that the thing being referred is famous for doing what is stated.
|-
 
| Empiric || statement is fact either empiric or to the speaker. || '''-s''', '''-si'''
-sha Determines that the speaker "believes" the statement to be true.
|-
-lya Determines that the thing being referred is infamous for doing what is stated.
| Hearsay (reportative) || the speaker heard about the statement. || '''-n''', '''-ni'''
-lcha Determines that the statement is obvious.
|-
| Inferential || the speaker assumes the statement to be true. || '''-ch''', '''-chi'''
|-
| Renown || the thing being referred is famous for what is stated. || '''-l''', '''-li'''
|-
| Belief || the speaker believes the statement to be true. || '''-sha'''
|-
| Infamy || the thing being referred is infamous for what is stated. || '''-lya'''
|-
| Obviative || the statement is obvious, or should be, to the speaker. || '''-lcha'''
|}


So for instance, if we have the previous example sentence: qappaka pile 'I eat fish'. We can further develop it into:
So for instance, if we have the previous example sentence: qappaka pile 'I eat fish'. We can further develop it into:
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The case with the "infamous evidential" is interesting. It used to be a respectful or augmentative equivalent of the "famous evidential" but as time passed it started to be felt pompous and so developed as a satirical comment, thus infamity for doing something too much.
The case with the "infamous evidential" is interesting. It used to be a respectful or augmentative equivalent of the "famous evidential" but as time passed it started to be felt pompous and so developed as a satirical comment, thus infamity for doing something too much.


Evidentials usage
==== Evidential usage ====
To clear up some doubts about evidentials I will clarify some with examples. For instance, how the "obvious evidential" is used. It is the equivalent to the usage we give to tone in this context, "duh!" and the like.
To clear up some doubts about evidentials I will clarify some with examples. For instance, how the "obvious evidential" is used. It is the equivalent to the usage we give to tone in this context, "duh!" and the like.


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I'm happy for being with you.
I'm happy for being with you.


Evidentials focus
==== Evidentials focus ====
As mentioned before, the evidentials can be affixed to verbs, nouns or adjectives with different results. In fact in a sentence the place where one affixes the evidentials makes subtle changes in the sense of the sentence. For example, if we go back to our sample sentence: qappaka pile.
As mentioned before, the evidentials can be affixed to verbs, nouns or adjectives with different results. In fact in a sentence the place where one affixes the evidentials makes subtle changes in the sense of the sentence. For example, if we go back to our sample sentence: qappaka pile.


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=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Noun Declensions
==== Noun Declensions ====
Kareyku has a number of declensions for the noun (and some even more verbs). It is interesting to note that while there are 2 cases which could be identified with the dative, there is no accusative. This has lead many specialists to believe that Kareyku cases are only post-positional. But the classical nomenclature prevails.


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Suffix !! Example !! Translation
|-
| Allative || -lto || poko'''lto''' || towards the house
|-
| Benefactive || -kume || poko'''kume''' || for the house
|-
| Translative || -bara || poko'''bara''' || through the house
|-
| Locativo || -lyo || poko'''lyo''' || at the house
|-
| Commitative || -ni || poko'''ni''' || with the house
|-
| Abessive || -wan || poko'''wan''' || without the house
|-
| Causative || -beki || poko'''beki''' || because of the house
|-
| Ablative || -wo || poko'''wo''' || from the house
|-
| Genitive || -na || poko'''na''' || the house's
|-
| Instrumental || -qa || poko'''qa''' || with a house, by a house
|-
| Dative || -ran || poko'''ran''' || for the house
|}


Case
=== Adjectives ===
Suffix
=== Verbs ===
Example
There are 3 main transitions:
Translation
 
allative
From 1st person to someone else
-lto
From 2nd person to someone else
pokolto
From 3rd person to someone else
towards the house
benefactive
-kume
pokokume
for the house's sake
translative
-bara
pokobara
through the house
locative
-lyo
pokolyo
at the house
comitative
-ni, -i
ikani, odani
with me, with you
abessive
-wan
pokowan
without the house
causative
-beki
pokobeki
because of the house
ablative
-wo/-mo
pokowo
from the house
genitive
-na
pokona
the house's
instrumental
-qa
pokoqa
by means of the house
dative
-ran
yaran, daran
for me, for you


The logic for Kareyku speakers behind this is that you can only know your intentions. When someone has a present only the giver can know if you are going to give the present to me or to him, hence, the most complete transitions are from the first person, the one I'm sure.


Transition 1 is expressed by infix -ka
Transition 2 is expressed by infix -da
Transition 3 is expressed by infix -ta


The first dative is mostly an allative actually and indicates direction, so for instance 'komalto mari!' 'come here!' or simply 'komalto!' can be used as an order. While the other would be used as 'I have a flower for you' or what is the same 'for your benefit' or any other circumstance in which you would use a dative, in fact, it's mainly used with animate nouns. The first mostly used in the sense of direction, as in a letter sent to, but the latter as in it was given to.
This transitions are only for the Present tense. Kareyku doesn't use a negative particle, there are two different conjugations, positive and negative, for each tense. The negatives being:


Then you have the use of the comitative vs. abessive, ikan odani 'you and I' vs. pokowan ikan han 'without my house I'm nothing'. But this is not intruding with the instrumental sense of 'with' which would require the instrumental proper.
Transition 1 is expressed by infix -ke
Transition 2 is expressed by infix -de
Transition 3 is expressed by infix -te


The causative can be used with nouns and with verbs. For example ikanu lanibeki tanatas because my heart tells me so, and in the verb it is the causative mood, qappakanbekis I fed him.
So, if you have the verb qappa 'to eat', qappaka means 'I eat (it)'. If you use pilé meaning 'fish' then you get qappaka pilé 'I eat fish' and the negative would be qappake pilé 'I don't eat fish'. The transitions are needed even when there is a subject present, and intransitive verbs take a transition as a subject but regardless the object. Thus, qappaka, can mean 'I eat (it)' as well as 'I am eating'.


=== Adjectives ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Adverbs ===
=== Adverbs ===
=== Particles ===
=== Particles ===
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