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! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! <small> voiced <small>
! <small> voiceless <small>
| mh ''μ̔''<br>/m̥/
| mh ''μ̔''<br>/m̥/
| nh ''ν̔''<br>/n̥/
| nh ''ν̔''<br>/n̥/
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|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small> voiceless <small>
! <small> voiced <small>
| m ''μ''<br>/m/
| m ''μ''<br>/m/
| n ''ν''<br>/n/
| n ''ν''<br>/n/
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| kh ''χ''<br>/kʰ/
| kh ''χ''<br>/kʰ/
| qh ''ϙ''<br>/qʰ/
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! <small> plain <small>
! <small> tenuis <small>
| p ''π''<br>/p/
| p ''π''<br>/p/
| t ''τ''<br>/t/
| t ''τ''<br>/t/
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| k ''κ''<br>/k/
| k ''κ''<br>/k/
| q ''ҁ''<br>/q/
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
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| g ''γ''<br>/g/
| g ''γ''<br>/g/
| ġ ''ϟ''<br>/ɢ/
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
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| s ''σ,ς''<br>/s/
| s ''σ,ς''<br>/s/
| ś ''ϻ''<br>/ɬ~l̥/
| ś ''ϻ''<br>/ɬ~l̥/
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| h<br>/h/
| h<br>/h/
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|  
|  
| rh ''ῥ''<br>/r̥/
| rh ''ῥ''<br>/r̥/
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|  
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| r ''ρ''<br>/r/
| r ''ρ''<br>/r/
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|  
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| colspan="2" | lh ''λ̔''<br>/l̥~ɬ/
| colspan="2" | lh ''λ̔''<br>/l̥~ɬ/
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|  
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| l ''λ''<br>/l/
| l ''λ''<br>/l/
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* The clusters /ps/, /ks/, and /sd/ are written <ψ>, <ξ>, and <ζ> respectively.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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== Nouns ==
=== Cases ===
==== Telicity ====
Classical Talothic distinguishes [[w:Telicity|telic]] from atelic action by means of the case of the [[w:Direct object|direct object]].  The accusative is used for telic actions, whilst the genitive is used for atelic ones.  The former indicates action that have endpoints and are complete, whilst the latter have no endpoint and/or are not complete.  This is distinct from the perfective and imperfective aspects, which deal with whether the action is viewed with internal or external construction.
Because atelic action uses the genitive, a non-core case, to represent its object, the object cannot take verbal agreement, and thus the middle voice is triggered.  By making use of telicity in conjuncture with tense and aspect, a broad range on nuances may be expressed in Classical Talothic.  Some verbs by their very nature are almost always atelic, and thereby almost always appear in the middle voice.


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
=== Agreement ===
=== Agreement ===
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
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=== Stem change ===
=== Stem change ===


Talothic verbs are characterised by a tripartite stem system, used in conjunction with verb endings and the augment, to form its six tenses.  This trait is common in eastern Maro-Ephenia languages, while it is rarer in western ones.  These three stems are referred to simply as ''S1'', ''S2'', and ''S3'', but may also be called more descriptively the [[w:Gnomic aspect|gnomic]], [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective]], and [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] aspects.  Not all verbs have all stems, however all have S1 as well as either S2 or S3.  Verbs lacking a particular stem are called ''despondent''.  S1 is seen as the base stem of a verb (and the ''aorist'' which uses it the main tense), and there are a number of different ways to derive S2 & S3.
Talothic verbs are characterised by a tripartite stem system, used in conjunction with verb endings and the augment, to form its six tenses.  This trait is common in eastern Maro-Ephenia languages, while it is rarer in western ones.  These three stems are referred to simply as ''S1'', ''S2'', and ''S3'', but may also be called more descriptively the [[w:Gnomic aspect|gnomic]], [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective]], and [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] aspects.  Not all verbs have all stems, however all have S1 as well as either S2 or S3.  Verbs lacking a particular stem are called ''despondent''.  S1 is generally seen as the base stem of a verb (and the ''aorist'' which uses it the main tense), and there are a number of different ways to derive S2 & S3.
 
Strategies for forming ''S2'' (''imperfective'') from ''S1'' (''gnomic''):
* Root vowel e-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''ει'', ''υ'' → ''ευ'', e.g. ''κιδ-'' ('to cut') → ''κειδ-''; ''φυρ-'' ('to fall') → ''φευρ-''
* Root vowel lengthening: ''α'' → ''η'', ''ε'' → ''η'', ''ο'' → ''ω''
* Nasal insertion with e-ablaut: ''α'' → ''εμ/εν/εγ''
* Final consonant mutation: ''π/φ'' → ''πτ'', ''τ/θ/κ/χ'' → ''ττ'', ''β/δ/γ'' → ''ζ'', e.g. ''τεφ-'' ('to drink') → ''τεπτ-''; ''αγ-'' ('to plant') → ''αζ-''
Strategies for forming ''S3'' (''perfective'') from ''S1'' (''gnomic''):
* Root vowel e-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''ει'', ''υ'' → ''ευ''
* Root vowel lengthening: ''α'' → ''η'', ''ε'' → ''η'', ''ο'' → ''ω'', e.g. ''τεφ-'' ('to drink') → ''τηφ-''; ''παθ-'' ('to be straight') → ''πηθ-''
* Nasal insertion with e-ablaut: ''α'' → ''εμ/εν/εγ''
* Root vowel o-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''οι'', ''υ'' → ''ου'', ''ε'' → ''ο'', e.g. ''κιδ-'' ('to cut') → ''κοιδ-''; ''φυρ-'' ('to fall') → ''φουρ-''; ''αγ-'' ('to plant') → ''ογ-''
* Root vowel lengthening with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ω'', ''ε'' → ''ω''
* Nasal insertion with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ομ/ον/ογ''


:{{interlinear | box=yes
=== Tense and Aspect ===
| κισῷν αἰππά ῴσιν
== Numbers ==
| return-2SG 1SG.NOM power-ACC.SG
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|'I'm returning the power to you'}}
|+caption | Talothic numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''εἶξ''
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! 11
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! 21
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! 120
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|- 
! 2
| ''ἧθρα''
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! 12
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! 22
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! 140
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|-
! 3
| ''μόρερα''
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| ''μάρα''
! 13
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! 30
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! 160
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|- 
! 4
| ''πατύρ''
| ''παταῖνος''
| ''πάτα''
! 14
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! 40
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! 180
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|-
! 5
| ''πεῖτρα''
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! 15
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! 50
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! 200
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|- 
! 6
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! 16
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! 60
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! 220
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|- 
! 7
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! 17
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! 70
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! 240
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|- 
! 8
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! 18
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! 80
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! 260
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|- 
! 9
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! 19
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! 90
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! 280
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|- 
! 10
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! 20
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! 100
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! 400
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|}


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
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