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Classical Talothic distinguishes [[w:Telicity|telic]] from atelic action by means of the case of the [[w:Direct object|direct object]].  The accusative is used for telic actions, whilst the genitive is used for atelic ones.  The former indicates action that have endpoints and are complete, whilst the latter have no endpoint and/or are not complete.  This is distinct from the perfective and imperfective aspects, which deal with whether the action is viewed with internal or external construction.
Classical Talothic distinguishes [[w:Telicity|telic]] from atelic action by means of the case of the [[w:Direct object|direct object]].  The accusative is used for telic actions, whilst the genitive is used for atelic ones.  The former indicates action that have endpoints and are complete, whilst the latter have no endpoint and/or are not complete.  This is distinct from the perfective and imperfective aspects, which deal with whether the action is viewed with internal or external construction.


Because atelic action uses the genitive, a non-core case, to represent its object, the object cannot take verbal agreement, and thus the middle voice is triggered.  By making use of telicity in conjuncture with tense and aspect, a broad range on nuances may be expressed in Classical Talothic.
Because atelic action uses the genitive, a non-core case, to represent its object, the object cannot take verbal agreement, and thus the middle voice is triggered.  By making use of telicity in conjuncture with tense and aspect, a broad range on nuances may be expressed in Classical Talothic. Some verbs by their very nature are almost always atelic, and thereby almost always appear in the middle voice.
;Future
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| λεκεῖα Κρίσπος εὐαν ϻύνακα
| read.FUT-C.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.ACC.SG book-ACC.SG
| 'Krispos will have read (all of) the book'
| c1 = (''telic'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| λέκουρ Κρίσπος εὐᾱς ϻύνακος
| read.FUT-MID.T.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.GEN.SG book-GEN.SG
| 'Krispos will read some of the book'
| c1 = (''atelic'')}}
 
;Present
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| λεττεῖα Κρίσπος εὐαν ϻύνακα
| read.PRES-C.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.ACC.SG book-ACC.SG
| 'Krispos will read (all of) the book/is reading all of the book (i.e. is reading with intent to finish)'
| c1 = (''telic'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| λέττουρ Κρίσπος εὐᾱς ϻύνακος
| read.PRES-MID.T.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.GEN.SG book-GEN.SG
| 'Krispos is reading the book (i.e. is part way through it)'
| c1 = (''atelic'')}}
 
;Perfect
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| λόκεα Κρίσπος εὐαν ϻύνακα
| read.PERF-C.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.ACC.SG book-ACC.SG
| 'Krispos has read the whole book'
| c1 = (''telic'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| λόκου Κρίσπος εὐᾱς ϻύνακος
| read.PERF-MID.T.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.GEN.SG book-GEN.SG
| 'Krispos has read some of the book'
| c1 = (''atelic'')}}
 
;Aorist
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| ἔλεκεα Κρίσπος εὐαν ϻύνακα
| read.AOR-C.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.ACC.SG book-ACC.SG
| 'Krispos read/reads the (whole) book'
| c1 = (''telic'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| ἔλεκου Κρίσπος εὐᾱς ϻύνακος
| read.AOR-MID.T.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.GEN.SG book-GEN.SG
| 'Krispos read/reads some of the book'
| c1 = (''atelic'')}}
 
;Imperfect
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| ἔλεττεα Κρίσπος εὐαν ϻύνακα
| read.IMPERF-C.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.ACC.SG book-ACC.SG
| 'Krispos was reading the whole book (i.e. was reading it but now it is read)'
| c1 = (''telic'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| ἔλεττου Κρίσπος εὐᾱς ϻύνακος
| read.IMPERF-MID.T.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.GEN.SG book-GEN.SG
| 'Krispos was reading (part of) the book'
| c1 = (''atelic'')}}
 
;Pluperfect
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| ἔλοκεια Κρίσπος εὐαν ϻύνακα
| read.PPFV-C.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.ACC.SG book-ACC.SG
| 'Krispos had read the whole book'
| c1 = (''telic'')}}
 
:{{interlinear | box=yes |
| ἔλοκουρ Κρίσπος εὐᾱς ϻύνακος
| read.PPFV-MID.T.3SG Krispos-NOM.SG DET-C.GEN.SG book-GEN.SG
| 'Krispos had read part of the book'
| c1 = (''atelic'')}}


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
Line 338: Line 261:


=== Tense and Aspect ===
=== Tense and Aspect ===
== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Talothic numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''εἶξ''
|
|
! 11
|
|
|
! 21
|
|
|
! 120
|
|
|
|- 
! 2
| ''ἧθρα''
|
|
! 12
|
|
|
! 22
|
|
|
! 140
|
|
|
|- 
! 3
| ''μόρερα''
|
| ''μάρα''
! 13
|
|
|
! 30
|
|
|
! 160
|
|
|
|- 
! 4
| ''πατύρ''
| ''παταῖνος''
| ''πάτα''
! 14
|
|
|
! 40
|
|
|
! 180
|
|
|
|- 
! 5
| ''πεῖτρα''
|
|
! 15
|
|
|
! 50
|
|
|
! 200
|
|
|
|- 
! 6
|
|
|
! 16
|
|
|
! 60
|
|
|
! 220
|
|
|
|- 
! 7
|
|
|
! 17
|
|
|
! 70
|
|
|
! 240
|
|
|
|- 
! 8
|
|
|
! 18
|
|
|
! 80
|
|
|
! 260
|
|
|
|- 
! 9
|
|
|
! 19
|
|
|
! 90
|
|
|
! 280
|
|
|
|- 
! 10
|
|
|
! 20
|
|
|
! 100
|
|
|
! 400
|
|
|
|}


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
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