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<h2 style=text-align:right>بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم</h2>
<p align=right>بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
<h1>What & Why Jaŋatil?</h1>
{{Infobox language
|image=Star and Crescent.svg
|imagesize=250px
|name= ''Yangatil''
|nativename=''Jaŋatil''
|pronunciation=/jaŋa'til/
|creator=[[User:Yaqatil|Yaqatil]]
|familycolor=Altaic
|fam1=Altaic
|fam2=Turkic
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|notice=IPA
}}
=What & Why Jaŋatil?=
<p>Jaŋatil is a common Turkic language.  
<p>Jaŋatil is a common Turkic language.  
<p>&nbsp;
<h1>Sounds & Letters</h1>


<h2>Consonants</h2>
=Sounds=
 
==Consonants==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center style="font-size:175%">
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center style="font-size:175%">
<tr><td><td>Bilabial<td>Labiodental<td>Dental<td>Postalveolar<td>Palatal<td>Velar<td>Glottal
<tr><th><th>Bilabial<th>Labiodental<th>Dental<th>Postalveolar<th>Palatal<th>Velar<th>Glottal
<tr><td>Plosive<th>p &nbsp; b<th><th>t &nbsp; d<th><th><th>k &nbsp; g<th>ʔ
<tr><th>Plosive<th>p &nbsp; b<th><th>t &nbsp; d<th><th><th>k &nbsp; g<th>ʔ
<tr><td>Fricative<th>β<th>f<th>s &nbsp; z<th>ʃ<th><th><th>h
<tr><th>Fricative<th>β<th>f<th>s &nbsp; z<th>ʃ<th><th><th>h
<tr><td>Affricate<th><th><th><th><th>tɕ<th><th>
<tr><th>Affricate<th><th><th><th><th>tɕ<th><th>
<tr><td>Nasal<th>m<th><th>n<th><th><th>&#331;<th>
<tr><th>Nasal<th>m<th><th>n<th><th><th>&#331;<th>
<tr><td>Trill<th><th><th>r<th><th><th><th>
<tr><th>Trill<th><th><th>r<th><th><th><th>
<tr><td>Approximant<th><th><th>l<th><th>j<th><th>
<tr><th>Approximant<th><th><th>l<th><th>j<th><th>
</table>
</table>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><b>/f/, /h/, /ʔ/</b> are only used in loanwords.
<li><b>/v/</b> or <b>/w/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/β/</b>.
<li><b>/v/</b> or <b>/w/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/β/</b>.
<li><b>/tʃ/</b>, <b>/ts/</b> or <b>/ɕ/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/tɕ/</b>.
<li><b>/tʃ/</b>, <b>/ts/</b> or <b>/ɕ/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/tɕ/</b>.
<li><u>At the beginning of a word</u> <b>/dʒ/</b>, <b>/dz/</b>, <b>/dʑ/</b>, <b>/ʑ/</b> or <b>/ʒ/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/j/</b>.
<li><b>At the beginning of a word</b> <b>/dʒ/</b>, <b>/dz/</b>, <b>/dʑ/</b>, <b>/ʑ/</b> or <b>/ʒ/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/j/</b>.
<li><b>/h/</b> is interchangeable with <b>/χ/</b>.
<li><b>/h/</b> is interchangeable with <b>/χ/</b>.
<li>In a hard context <b>/q/, /ʁ/ (/ɣ/)</b> are allowed instead of <b>/k/, /g/</b> respectively.
<li>In a hard context <b>/q/, /ʁ/ (/ɣ/)</b> are allowed instead of <b>/k/, /g/</b> respectively.
<li>In a soft context <b>/k<sup>j</sup>/, /g<sup>j</sup>/, /l<sup>j</sup>/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/k/, /g/, /l/</b> respectively.
<li>In a soft context <b>/k<sup>j</sup>/, /g<sup>j</sup>/, /l<sup>j</sup>/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/k/, /g/, /l/</b> respectively.
<p>&nbsp;
<li>In native words the difference between <b>p/t/k</b> and <b>b/d/g</b>,
<h2>Vowels</h2>
isn't very meaningful.
</ul>
==Vowels==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><td rowspan=2><td colspan=2>Front<td colspan=2>Back
<tr><th rowspan=2><th colspan=2>Front<th colspan=2>Back
<tr><td>unrounded<td>rounded<td>unrounded<td>rounded
<tr><th>unrounded<th>rounded<th>unrounded<th>rounded
<tr><td>Close<th>i<th>y<th>ɯ<th>u
<tr><th>Close<th>i<th>y<th>ɯ<th>u
<tr><td>Open<th>æ<th>œ<th>a<th>o
<tr><th>Open<th>æ<th>œ<th>a<th>o
</table>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;
 
<h3>Characteristics of the vowels</h3>
===Characteristics of the vowels===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><td rowspan=2><td colspan=2>Strong<td colspan=2>Weak
<tr><th rowspan=2><th colspan=2>Strong<th colspan=2>Weak
<tr><td>unrounded<td>rounded<td>unrounded<td>rounded
<tr><th>unrounded<th>rounded<th>unrounded<th>rounded
<tr><td>Hard<th>a<th>o<th>ɯ<th>u
<tr><th>Hard<th>a<th>o<th>ɯ<th>u
<tr><td>Soft<th>æ<th>œ<th>i<th>y
<tr><th>Soft<th>æ<th>œ<th>i<th>y
</table>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;
 
<h3>Vowel harmony</h3>
===Vowel harmony===
<p>In a native Jaŋatil word each vowel must be either <b>soft</b> (front) or <b>hard</b> (back). This is
<p>In a native Jaŋatil word each vowel must be either <b>soft</b> (front) or <b>hard</b> (back). This is
called <b>front/back harmony</b>. The same
called <b>front/back harmony</b>. The same
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<p>There is <b>no</b> rounded/unrounded harmony in the written language.
<p>There is <b>no</b> rounded/unrounded harmony in the written language.
Therefore in native words the weak rounded vowels <b>u, ü</b> may only be in the first syllable.
Therefore in native words the weak rounded vowels <b>u, ü</b> may only be in the first syllable.
However, one should round <b>ı, i</b> while speaking if they come immediately
However, one should round <b>ı, i</b> while speaking when they come immediately
after a rounded vowel.
after a rounded vowel.
<p>&nbsp;
 
<h3>Word stress</h3>
===Word stress===
<p>Word stress is <b>always</b> put on the last vowel. But if you
<p>Word stress is <b>always</b> put on the last vowel. But if you
want to emphasize a word then you may stress another syllable.  
want to emphasize a word then you may stress another syllable.
<p>&nbsp;
 
<h2>Writing Systems</h2>
=Writing Systems=
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><td colspan=3>Latin<td rowspan=2>Cirillic<td rowspan=2>Arabic<td rowspan=2>IPA
<tr><th colspan=3>Latin<th rowspan=2>Cirillic<th rowspan=2>Arabic<th rowspan=2>IPA
<tr><td>ASCII<td>Common<td>Rational
<tr><th>ASCII<th>Common<th>Rational
<tr><th>A a<th>A a<th>A a<th>А а<th>ا<th>a
<tr><th>A a<th>A a<th>A a<th>А а<th>ا<th>a
<tr><th>B b<th>B b<th>B b<th>Б б<th>ب<th>b
<tr><th>B b<th>B b<th>B b<th>Б б<th>ب<th>b
Line 64: Line 80:
<tr><th>E e<th>E e<th>Â â<th>Е е<th>اِ<th>æ
<tr><th>E e<th>E e<th>Â â<th>Е е<th>اِ<th>æ
<tr><th>F f<th>F f<th>F f<th>Ф ф<th>ف<th>f
<tr><th>F f<th>F f<th>F f<th>Ф ф<th>ف<th>f
<tr><th>G g<th>G g<th>G g<th>Г г<th>گ/ غ<th>g
<tr><th>G g<th>G g<th>G g<th>Г г<th>گ<th>g
<tr><th>H h<th>H h<th>H h<th>Х х<th>ه<th>h
<tr><th>H h<th>H h<th>H h<th>Х х<th>ه<th>h
<tr><th>I i<th>İ i<th>Î î<th>И и<th>ىِ/ ـِ<th>i
<tr><th>I i<th>İ i<th>Î î<th>И и<th>ىِ<th>i
<tr><th>J j<th>J j<th>J j<th>Й й<th>ي/ ج<th>j
<tr><th>J j<th>J j<th>J j<th>Й й<th>ي<th>j
<tr><th>K k<th>K k<th>K k<th>К к<th>ك/ ق<th>k
<tr><th>K k<th>K k<th>K k<th>К к<th>ك<th>k
<tr><th>L l<th>L l<th>L l<th>Л л<th>ل<th>l
<tr><th>L l<th>L l<th>L l<th>Л л<th>ل<th>l
<tr><th>M m<th>M m<th>M m<th>М м<th>م<th>m
<tr><th>M m<th>M m<th>M m<th>М м<th>م<th>m
Line 79: Line 95:
<tr><th>S s<th>S s<th>S s<th>С с<th>س<th>s
<tr><th>S s<th>S s<th>S s<th>С с<th>س<th>s
<tr><th>T t<th>T t<th>T t<th>Т т<th>ت<th>t
<tr><th>T t<th>T t<th>T t<th>Т т<th>ت<th>t
<tr><th>U u<th>U u<th>U u<th>У у<th>ـُ<th>u
<tr><th>U u<th>U u<th>U u<th>У у<th>ىُ<th>u
<tr><th>V v<th>Ü ü<th>Û û<th>Ю ю<th>ـُِ<th>y
<tr><th>V v<th>Ü ü<th>Û û<th>Ю ю<th>ىُِ<th>y
<tr><th>W w<th>W w<th>W w<th>В в<th>ۋ<th>β
<tr><th>W w<th>W w<th>W w<th>В в<th>ۋ<th>β
<tr><th>X x<th>Ş ş<th>Ş ş<th>Ш ш<th>ش<th>ʃ
<tr><th>X x<th>Ş ş<th>Ş ş<th>Ш ш<th>ش<th>ʃ
<tr><th>Y y<th>I ı<th>I ı<th>Ы ы<th>ى/ ـ<th>ɯ
<tr><th>Y y<th>I ı<th>I ı<th>Ы ы<th>ى<th>ɯ
<tr><th>Z z<th>Z z<th>Z z<th>З з<th>ز<th>z
<tr><th>Z z<th>Z z<th>Z z<th>З з<th>ز<th>z
<tr><th>`<th>`<th>`<th>Ъ ъ<th>ء<th>ʔ
<tr><th>`<th>`<th>`<th>Ъ ъ<th>ء<th>ʔ
</table>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;
 
<h2>Writing Examples</h2>
==Writing Examples==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><td colspan=3>Latin<td rowspan=2>Cirillic<td rowspan=2>Arabic<td rowspan=2>IPA<td rowspan=2>Translation
<tr><th colspan=3>Latin<th rowspan=2>Cirillic<th rowspan=2>Arabic<th rowspan=2>IPA<th rowspan=2>Translation
<tr><td>ASCII<td>Common<td>Rational
<tr><th>ASCII<th>Common<th>Rational
<tr><th>tax<th>taş<th>taş<th>таш<th>تاش<th>taʃ<th>stone
<tr><th>tax<th>taş<th>taş<th>таш<th>تاش<th>taʃ<th>stone
<tr><th>sekiz<th>sekiz<th>sâkız<th>секиз<th>ساِكىِز /سِاكىز<th>sækiz<th>eight
<tr><th>sekiz<th>sekiz<th>sâkız<th>секиз<th>ساِكىِز <br>سِاكىز<th>sækiz<th>eight
<tr><th>altyncy<th>altıncı<th>altıncı<th>алтынчы<th>التىنچى<th>altɯnt͡ɕɯ <th>sixth
<tr><th>altyncy<th>altıncı<th>altıncı<th>алтынчы<th>التىنچى<th>altɯnt͡ɕɯ <th>sixth
<tr><th>vcnci<th>ücnci<th>ûcncı<th>ючнчи<th>ىُِچنچىِ <br> ِىُچنچى<th>yt͡ɕnt͡ɕy<th>third
<tr><th>mv`min<th>mü`min<th>mû`mın<th>мюъмин<th>مىُِءمىِن <br>مِىُءمىن<th>myʔmin<th>believer
<tr><th>gvzellik<th>güzellik<th>gûzallık<th>гюзеллик<th>گىُِزاِللىِك<br>گُِىزاللىك<th>gyzællik<th>beauty
<tr><th>to'qereksq<th>töŋereksŋ<th>tôñaraksñ<th>тёңерексң<th>توِڭاِراِكسڭ<br>تِوڭاراكسڭ<th>tœŋæræksŋ<th>you are round
</table>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;
 
<h1>Grammar</h1>
=Parts of Speech=
<h2>Pronouns</h2>
<ol>
<li>Noun<ul><li>Pronoun<li>Masdar</ul>
<li>Particle
<ul type=circle>
<li>Joint<ul><li>Whose-ness<li>Who-ness<li>Suffix</ul>
<li>Separate<ul><li>Postposition<li>Conjunction</ul>
</ul>
<li>Verb
<li>Adjective<ul><li>Numeral<li>Participle</ul>
<li>Adverb<ul><li>Gerund</ul>
<li>Interjection
</ol>
 
=Noun=
 
==Personal pronouns==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th><th>Singular<th>Plural
<tr><th>1st person<th>ben<th>biz
<tr><th>2nd person<th>sen<th>siz
<tr><th>3rd person<th>o<th>olar
</table>
==Masdars==
<p>There are two masdars (verbal nouns): <b>V+w</b> and <b>V+mak/mek</b>:
<p><b>İstanbulda jaşamaknı/jaşawnı umut etemn.</b> <i>I am hoping to live in Istanbul.</i>
=Particle=
==Whose-ness & Who-ness==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th><th>Whose<th>Who<th>Verb Whose
<tr><th>ben<th>-m<th>-mn<th>-m
<tr><th>sen<th>-ŋ<th>-sŋ<th>-ŋ
<tr><th>o<th>ı / i<th>(-dr)<th>(-dr)
<tr><th>biz<th>-mz<th>-bz<th>-k
<tr><th>siz<th>-ŋz<th>-sz<th>-ŋz
<tr><th>olar<th>(lar)ı / (ler)i<th>[lar(dr) / ler(dr)]<th>[lar / ler]
</table>
<p><b>Benniŋ başm.</b> <i>My head.</i> &mdash; <b>Ben kücikmn.</b> <i>I am small/little.</i><br>
<b>Senniŋ kişiŋ.</b> <i>Your man.</i> &mdash; <b>Sen büjiksŋ.</b> <i>You are big.</i><br>
<b>Onıŋ ewi.</b> <i>His/Her/Its home.</i> &mdash; <b>O iyi(dr).</b> <i>He is good.</i><br>
<b>Bizniŋ cocıklar.</b> <i>Our children.</i> &mdash; <b>Biz warlıklıbz.</b> <i>We are rich.</i><br>
<b>Sizniŋ işŋz.</b> <i>Your work.</i> &mdash; <b>Siz bahcadasz.</b> <i>You are in the garden.</i><br>
<b>Olarnıŋ birleri.</b> <i>One of them.</i> &mdash; <b>Olar atsızlar.</b> <i>They are without horses.</i><br>
<p><b>Kızm we ogılm güzeller.</b>
<i>My daughter and my son are beautiful.</i>
<br><b>Kara közlerŋni sewemn.</b>
<i>I love your black eyes.</i>
<br><b>Buda kimŋz war?</b>
<i>Which if you is here?</i>
<p>These particles are also used in verb conjugation
except that <b>ı / i</b> is omitted in the 3rd person
and <b>-mz</b> is changed for just <b>-k</b>.
And I use these abbreviations:
<p><b>τ</b> &mdash; from Greek <b>τίνος</b> <i>whose</i>,<br>
<b>π</b> &mdash; from Greek <b>ποιος</b> <i>who</i>.
=Verb=
The basic and shortest verb form (denoted by <b>V</b>)
is at the same time 2nd person singular imperative. The negative
form is <b>V+ma/me</b>:
<p><b>Okı!</b> &nbsp; <i>Read!</i> &nbsp; &mdash; &nbsp; <b>Okıma!</b> &nbsp; <i>Don't read!</i><br>
<b>İc!</b> &nbsp; <i>Drink!</i> &nbsp; &mdash; &nbsp; <b>İcme!</b> &nbsp; <i>Don't drink!</i><br>
<b>Jat!</b> &nbsp; <i>Lie (down)!</i> &nbsp; &mdash; &nbsp; <b>Jatma!</b> &nbsp; <i>Don't lie (down)!</i>
==Voices==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th>Passive<th>-l
<tr><th>Reflexive<th>-n
<tr><th>Causative<th>-t<br>dır/dir
<tr><th>Reciprocal<th>-ş
</table>
<p><b>Bak</b> <i>Look</i><br>
<b>Bakl</b> <i>Be looked at</i><br>
<b>Bakn</b> <i>Look at oneself</i><br>
<b>Bakt / Bakdır</b> <i>Make look</i><br>
<b>Bakş</b> <i>Look at one another</i>
<p><b>Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz!</b> <i>Don't kiss in presence of other people!</i><br>
<b>Kitaplar bulaj yazlmar.</b> <i>Books aren't written this way.</i><br>
<b>Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz!</b> <i>Don't kiss in presence of others!</i><br>
<b>Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz!</b> <i>Don't kiss in presence of others!</i><br>
==Tenses & Moods==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th><th>Simple<th>In the Past
<tr><th>Sure Future<th>V+acak/ecek+π<th>V+acak/ecek idi+τ
<tr><th>Present-Future<th>V+r+π<th>V+r idi+τ
<tr><th>Present<th>V+a/e+π<th>V+a/e idi+τ
<tr><th>Past<th>V+dı/di+τ<th rowspan=2>V+mış/miş idi+τ
<tr><th>Unsure Past<th>V+mış/miş+π
<tr><th>Conditional<th>V+sa/se+τ<th>V+sa/se idi+τ
</table>
=Adjective=
==Numbers==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th>0<th>1<th>2<th>3<th>4<th>5<th>6<th>7<th>8<th>9
<tr><th>nöl<th>bir<th>iki<th>üc<th>tört<th>beş<th>altı<th>jedi<th>sekiz<th>tokız
<tr><th>
<tr><th>10<th>11<th>20<th>30<th>40<th>50<th>60<th>70<th>80<th>90
<tr><th>on<th>on bir<th>jirmi<th>otız<th>kırk<th>elli<th>altmış<th>jetmiş<th>seksen<th>toksan
<tr><th>
<tr><th>100<th>143<th>200<th>1000<th>8765<th>1 000 000<th>1 000 000 000<th>1 000 000 000 000
<tr><th>jüz<th>jüz kırk üc<th>iki jüz<th>miŋ<th>sekiz miŋ jedi jüz altmış beş<th>miljon<th>miljar<th>triljon
</table>
==Participles==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
</table>


=Adverb=
=Interjection=


<h2>Who-ness & Whose-ness</h2>
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 14:23, 8 February 2021

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Yangatil
Jaŋatil
Star and Crescent.svg
Pronunciation[/jaŋa'til/]
Created byYaqatil
Altaic
  • Turkic
    • Yangatil
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

What & Why Jaŋatil?

Jaŋatil is a common Turkic language.

Sounds

Consonants

BilabialLabiodentalDentalPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Plosivep   bt   dk   gʔ
Fricativeβfs   zʃh
Affricatetɕ
Nasalmnŋ
Trillr
Approximantlj
  • /f/, /h/, /ʔ/ are only used in loanwords.
  • /v/ or /w/ are allowed instead of /β/.
  • /tʃ/, /ts/ or /ɕ/ are allowed instead of /tɕ/.
  • At the beginning of a word /dʒ/, /dz/, /dʑ/, /ʑ/ or /ʒ/ are allowed instead of /j/.
  • /h/ is interchangeable with /χ/.
  • In a hard context /q/, /ʁ/ (/ɣ/) are allowed instead of /k/, /g/ respectively.
  • In a soft context /kj/, /gj/, /lj/ are allowed instead of /k/, /g/, /l/ respectively.
  • In native words the difference between p/t/k and b/d/g, isn't very meaningful.

Vowels

FrontBack
unroundedroundedunroundedrounded
Closeiyɯu
Openæœao

Characteristics of the vowels

StrongWeak
unroundedroundedunroundedrounded
Hardaoɯu
Softæœiy

Vowel harmony

In a native Jaŋatil word each vowel must be either soft (front) or hard (back). This is called front/back harmony. The same is true for loanwords with the exception of letter i — we can combine it not only with the soft e, i, ö, ü but also with the hard a, ı, o, u. Thus any loanword written in the standard Latin alphabet can be borrowed without change.

There is no rounded/unrounded harmony in the written language. Therefore in native words the weak rounded vowels u, ü may only be in the first syllable. However, one should round ı, i while speaking when they come immediately after a rounded vowel.

Word stress

Word stress is always put on the last vowel. But if you want to emphasize a word then you may stress another syllable.

Writing Systems

LatinCirillicArabicIPA
ASCIICommonRational
A aA aA aА аاa
B bB bB bБ бبb
C cC cC cЧ чچtɕ
D dD dD dД дدd
E eE e âЕ еاِæ
F fF fF fФ фفf
G gG gG gГ гگg
H hH hH hХ хهh
I iİ iÎ îИ иىِi
J jJ jJ jЙ йيj
K kK kK kК кكk
L lL lL lЛ лلl
M mM mM mМ мمm
N nN nN nН нنn
O oO oO oО оوo
O' o'Ö öÔ ôЁ ёوِœ
P pP pP pП пپp
Q qŊ ŋÑ ñҢ ңڭŋ
R rR rR rР рرr
S sS sS sС сسs
T tT tT tТ тتt
U uU uU uУ уىُu
V vÜ üÛ ûЮ юىُِy
W wW wW wВ вۋβ
X xŞ şŞ şШ шشʃ
Y yI ıI ıЫ ыىɯ
Z zZ zZ zЗ зزz
```Ъ ъءʔ

Writing Examples

LatinCirillicArabicIPATranslation
ASCIICommonRational
taxtaştaşташتاشtaʃstone
sekizsekizsâkızсекизساِكىِز
سِاكىز		sækizeight
altyncyaltıncıaltıncıалтынчыالتىنچىaltɯnt͡ɕɯ sixth
vcnciücnciûcncıючнчиىُِچنچىِ
ِىُچنچى		yt͡ɕnt͡ɕythird
mv`minmü`minmû`mınмюъминمىُِءمىِن
مِىُءمىن		myʔminbeliever
gvzellikgüzellikgûzallıkгюзелликگىُِزاِللىِك
گُِىزاللىك		gyzællikbeauty
to'qereksqtöŋereksŋtôñaraksñтёңерексңتوِڭاِراِكسڭ
تِوڭاراكسڭ		tœŋæræksŋyou are round

Parts of Speech

  1. Noun
    • Pronoun
    • Masdar
  2. Particle
    • Joint
      • Whose-ness
      • Who-ness
      • Suffix
    • Separate
      • Postposition
      • Conjunction
  3. Verb
  4. Adjective
    • Numeral
    • Participle
  5. Adverb
    • Gerund
  6. Interjection

Noun

Personal pronouns

SingularPlural
1st personbenbiz
2nd personsensiz
3rd personoolar

Masdars

There are two masdars (verbal nouns): V+w and V+mak/mek:

İstanbulda jaşamaknı/jaşawnı umut etemn. I am hoping to live in Istanbul.

Particle

Whose-ness & Who-ness

WhoseWhoVerb Whose
ben-m-mn-m
sen-ŋ-sŋ-ŋ
oı / i(-dr)(-dr)
biz-mz-bz-k
siz-ŋz-sz-ŋz
olar(lar)ı / (ler)i[lar(dr) / ler(dr)][lar / ler]

Benniŋ başm. My head. — Ben kücikmn. I am small/little.
Senniŋ kişiŋ. Your man. — Sen büjiksŋ. You are big.
Onıŋ ewi. His/Her/Its home. — O iyi(dr). He is good.
Bizniŋ cocıklar. Our children. — Biz warlıklıbz. We are rich.
Sizniŋ işŋz. Your work. — Siz bahcadasz. You are in the garden.
Olarnıŋ birleri. One of them. — Olar atsızlar. They are without horses.

Kızm we ogılm güzeller. My daughter and my son are beautiful.
Kara közlerŋni sewemn. I love your black eyes.
Buda kimŋz war? Which if you is here?

These particles are also used in verb conjugation except that ı / i is omitted in the 3rd person and -mz is changed for just -k. And I use these abbreviations:

τ — from Greek τίνος whose,
π — from Greek ποιος who.

Verb

The basic and shortest verb form (denoted by V) is at the same time 2nd person singular imperative. The negative form is V+ma/me:

Okı!   Read!   —   Okıma!   Don't read!
İc!   Drink!   —   İcme!   Don't drink!
Jat!   Lie (down)!   —   Jatma!   Don't lie (down)!

Voices

Passive-l
Reflexive-n
Causative-t
dır/dir
Reciprocal-ş

Bak Look
Bakl Be looked at
Bakn Look at oneself
Bakt / Bakdır Make look
Bakş Look at one another

Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz! Don't kiss in presence of other people!
Kitaplar bulaj yazlmar. Books aren't written this way.
Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz! Don't kiss in presence of others!
Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz! Don't kiss in presence of others!

Tenses & Moods

SimpleIn the Past
Sure FutureV+acak/ecek+πV+acak/ecek idi+τ
Present-FutureV+r+πV+r idi+τ
PresentV+a/e+πV+a/e idi+τ
PastV+dı/di+τV+mış/miş idi+τ
Unsure PastV+mış/miş+π
ConditionalV+sa/se+τV+sa/se idi+τ

Adjective

Numbers

0123456789
nölbirikiüctörtbeşaltıjedisekiztokız
10112030405060708090
onon birjirmiotızkırkellialtmışjetmişseksentoksan
100143200100087651 000 0001 000 000 0001 000 000 000 000
jüzjüz kırk üciki jüzmiŋsekiz miŋ jedi jüz altmış beşmiljonmiljartriljon

Participles

Present
Present
Present
Present
Present

Adverb

Interjection

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