Páuluòbeng: Difference between revisions

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'''Baoluoveng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin, [[Ufirlandisg]], and Yorkshire English.
'''Páuluòbeng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.


respell to make it look less mandarin
Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than [[Anbirese]]).


Figure out how to assign tones
Figure out how to assign tones
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Final schwa > tone split
Final schwa > tone split


dr tr sr > jh ch sh; jhil, jhim, jhin, jhing > jhul, jhum, jhun, jhung
dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung


''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup
''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup
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''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful
''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful


''dùn'' /tû:n/ = far
''dùun'' /tû:n/ = far


''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
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''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'
''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'
''Áiзaan'' /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'


''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain
''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg/Allemanisch consonants;  Yorkshire vowels
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants;  Yorkshire vowels


====Tones====
====Tones====
Line 55: Line 57:


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Cièdian.
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.


Short vowels:
Short vowels:
Line 61: Line 63:


Long vowels:
Long vowels:
*ai ei uai ui ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
*ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
*ao iao ou iu /aʊ~əʊ jaʊ~əʊ oː joː/
*au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /aʊ/
**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
*ì ù ǜ /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/
*ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/


R-linking vowels:
R-linking vowels:
*uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
*uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
*(i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)æː(ɹ)/
*(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
*r, eir /ɛː(ɹ)/
*r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
*ir, ìr /jɛː(ɹ)/
*ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
*ür, ǜr /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
*ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
*uir /wɛː(ɹ)/
*ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
*air aor our /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
*air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
**e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
**e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
Line 85: Line 87:


=====Linking R=====
=====Linking R=====
*Example of linking R: ''yi χadr àrd'' [jɪ ˈxadə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Cièdian]]: ''ye χaderr àrd'' [jə ˈxadər ʔɔɯt])
*Example of linking R: ''yi χazr àard'' [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye χazerr àrd'' [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
*No linking R: ''yi búθ àrd'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Cièdian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])
*No linking R: ''yi búuθ àard'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])


====Mutations====
====Mutations====
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:
*''*yi<sup>L</sup> ùur'' > ''yin ùur'' /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. ''nan ùurn'' /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
*''*yi àavr'' > ''yin àavr'' /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. ''nan áavr'' /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural || colspan=2 | collective
! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural  
|-
|-
! common || neuter || common || neuter || common || neuter
! common || neuter || common || neuter
|-
|-
| ''yi<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi'' || ''na'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ba''
| ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi bpràan'' /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' || ''yi, yin''<br/>''yi hāar'' /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' || ''na, nan''<br/>''na bpràanr'' /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' || ''na<sup>L''</sup><br/>''na γǎar'' /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers'
|}
|}


Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''.
Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.
====Pluralization patterns====
#sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
#*''bpràan'' /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > ''bpràanr'' /bræ̂:nə/
#sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
#*''hāar'' /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > ''hǎar'' /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
#sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
#*''àavr'' /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > ''áavr'' /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
#sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
#*''tèe'' /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. ''tèen'' /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.
 
*''shàan'' /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > ''shàanr'' /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''tŋawm'' 'true')
*''zhùu'' /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > ''zhùun'' /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''dru'' 'copper')


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
The ''-ìn'' preterite, derived from the Tigol ''-ín'' participle, is used with split-ergativity depending on whether the verb is transitive.
There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.
 
The ergative particle is ''u'' /ʊ/.
====Tonal ablaut patterns====
#present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
#present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
#*''shuò'' 'digs' (~Eevo ''troh'' 'to oppose'); ''shuōn'' 'dug'
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Latest revision as of 14:44, 8 February 2021

Páuluòbeng (yi bPáuluòbeng) is a minority language closely related to Ciètian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.

Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than Anbirese).

Figure out how to assign tones

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung

lr̀ /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup

ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain

dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley

yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùun /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree

jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'

Áiзaan /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'

neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants; Yorkshire vowels

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

  • ā or a: mid level, relaxed
  • á: rising
  • à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

  • /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
  • h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.

Short vowels:

  • a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/

Long vowels:

  • ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
    • [aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
  • au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
    • [əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
  • ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/

R-linking vowels:

  • uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
  • (i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
  • r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
  • ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
  • ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
  • ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
  • air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
  • angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
    • e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

  • final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
  • final -i = /ɪ/
  • final -ou = /o/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R
  • Example of linking R: yi χazr àard [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Ciètian: ye χazerr àrd [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
  • No linking R: yi búuθ àard [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Ciètian: ye bùθa àrd [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ye and yeN changes to yen (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:

  • *yiL ùur > yin ùur /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. nan ùurn /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
  • *yi àavr > yin àavr /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. nan áavr /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'
Definite article
singular plural
common neuter common neuter
yiL, yin
yi bpràan /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner'		 yi, yin
yi hāar /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower'		 na, nan
na bpràanr /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners'		 naL
na γǎar /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers'

Nouns are usually pluralized with -r. If the singular already ends in -r, the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.

Pluralization patterns

  1. sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
    • bpràan /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > bpràanr /bræ̂:nə/
  2. sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
    • hāar /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > hǎar /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
  3. sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
    • àavr /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > áavr /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
  4. sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
    • tèe /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. tèen /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'

Adjectives

Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.

  • shàan /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > shàanr /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ Eevo tŋawm 'true')
  • zhùu /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > zhùun /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ Eevo dru 'copper')

Verbs

There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.

The ergative particle is u /ʊ/.

Tonal ablaut patterns

  1. present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
  2. present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
    • shuò 'digs' (~Eevo troh 'to oppose'); shuōn 'dug'
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