Lees'hin: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(40 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 
{{pri}}


<!--  
<!--  
Line 12: Line 12:


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in  Democratic Republic of Lees'hinia (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.
Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in  Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
Line 118: Line 118:
|-
|-
| ph || aphú
| ph || aphú
|-
| q || qu
|-
| qh || aqhú
|-
|-
| r || ra
| r || ra
Line 157: Line 153:
!        !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal
!        !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal
|-
|-
|Nasal|| m /m/ ||  || n /n/ ||  || nh /ɲ/ || ||  ||   
|Nasal|| m /m/ ||  || n /n/ ||  || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ ||  ||   
|-
|-
|Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ ||  || t /t/ d /d/ ||  ||  || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ ||  
|Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ ||  || t /t/ d /d/ ||  ||  || k /k/ g /g/ || ||
|-
|-
|Affricate ||  ||  || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ ||  ||  ||  ||  
|Affricate ||  ||  || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ ||  ||  ||  ||  
Line 171: Line 167:
|Lateral app. ||  ||  || l /l/ ||  ||  || lh /ʎ/ ||  ||  
|Lateral app. ||  ||  || l /l/ ||  ||  || lh /ʎ/ ||  ||  
|}
|}
*(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.
*(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because  g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 190: Line 186:
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is mainly on first place. The stress is'nt on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel is'nt the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.
Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.
 
====Intonation====
====Intonation====
Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.
Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.
Line 197: Line 194:
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.
In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:


Nouns
Nouns
As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !!Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || s'hon || s'honii
|-
| Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii
|-
| Dative  || s'hona || s'honaii
|-
| Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii
|-
| Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii
|-
| Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii
|}
Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh   
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii
|-
| Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii
|-
| Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii
|-
| Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii
|-
| Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii
|-
| Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii
|}
Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!          !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii
|-                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii
|-
| Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii
|-
| Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti
|-
| Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii
|-
| Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii
|}
Irregular declinations
In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination.
First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || sujh || sãchii
|-
| Genitive || sujher || sãcherii
|-
| Dative || sujhra || sãchrii
|-
| Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii
|-
| Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii
|-
| Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii
|}
Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || lhum || lhumii
|-
| Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii
|-
| Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii
|-
|Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii
|-
|Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii
|-
| Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii
|}
Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii
|-
| Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii
|-
| Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii
|-
| Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii
|-
| Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii
|-
| Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii
|}
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.
First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei
|-
| Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim
|-
| Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia
|-
| Accusative ||nõhiat  || soc'ches'heiat
|-
| Vocative || - || -
|-
|Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot
|}
Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!          !! Singular !!Plural
|-
| Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh
|-
| Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim
|-
| Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha
|-
| Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat
|-
| Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho
|-
|Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot
|}
Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  Singular  !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
|-
| Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ  || nhãmadão
|-
| Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim
|-
| Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi
|-
| Accusative || nõbéheghelhat  || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit
|-
| Vocative || - ||- || -
|-
| Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot  || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot
|}
Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!          Plural !!
|-
| Nominative || teãbãõkhé
|-
| Genitive || teãbãõkhéim
|-
| Dative || teãbãõkhéa
|-
| Accusative || teãbãõkhéat
|-
| Vocative || -
|-
| Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot
|}
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.
First person:nõhiim(my)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!    ''Masculine''    !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii
|-
| Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii
|-
| Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii
|-
| Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii
|-
| Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii
|-
| Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii
|-                                                                                                                                                                                         
|Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii
|-
| Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon
|-
| Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii
|-
| Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii
|-
| Genitives  || nõhiime ||  nõhiimeii
|-
| Dative ||  nõhiimi ||  nõhiimiii
|-
| Accusative||  nõhiimit ||  nõhiimitii
|-
| Vocative ||  nõhiimo ||  nõhiimoii
|-
| Instrumental||  nõhiimot ||  nõhiimotii
|}
Second pronoun: úboshim(your)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      ''Masculine''  !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii
|-
| Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii
|-
| Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii                                                                                                                                                                   
|-
| Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii
|-
| Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii
|-
| Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii
|-
| Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii
|-
| Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii
|-
| Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii
|-
| Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii
|-
| Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular
|-
| Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii
|-
| Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii
|-
| Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii
|-
| Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii
|-
| Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii
|-
| Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii
|}
Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii
|-
| Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii
|-
| Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii
|-
| Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii
|-
| Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii
|-
| Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii
|-
| Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii
|-
| Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii
|-
| Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii
|-
| Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii
|-
| Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii
|-
| Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii
|-
| Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii
|-
| Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii
|-
| Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii
|}
Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii
|-
| Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii
|-
| Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii
|-
| Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii
|-
| Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii
|-
| Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii
|-
| Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii
|-
| Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii
|-
| Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii
|-
| Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii
|-
| Genitive  ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii
|-
| Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii
|-
| Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii
|-
| Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii
|}
Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii
|-
| Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii
|-
| Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii
|-
| Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii
|-
| Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii
|-
| Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii
|-
| Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii
|-
| Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii
|-
| Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii
|-
| Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii
|-
| Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii
|-
| Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii
|-
| Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii
|-
| Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii
|}
First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii
|-
| Genitive  ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii
|-
| Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii
|-
| Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii
|-
| Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii
|-
| Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii
|-
| Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii
|-
| Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii
|-
| Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii
|-
| Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii
|-
| Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii
|-
| Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii
|-
| Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii
|-
| Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii
|-
| Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii
|-
| Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot  || soc'heches'heiimotii
|}
Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim  (your)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii
|-
| Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii
|-
| Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii
|-
| Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii
|-
| Vocative || nol'halhujhimo  || nol'halhujhimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura
|-
| Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii
|-
| Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii
|-
| Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii
|-
| Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii
|-
| Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii
|-
| Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii
|-
| Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii
|-
| Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii
|-
| Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii
|-
| Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii
|-
| Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii
|}
Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii
|-
| Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii
|-
| Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii
|-
| Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii
|-
| Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii
|-
| Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii
|-
| Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii
|-
|  Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii
|-
| Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii
|-
| Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono  || teãbãõkhéimonoii
|-
| Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot  || teãbãõkhéimonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || teãbãõkhéim  || teãbãõkhéimii
|-
| Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii
|-
| Dative || teãbãõkhéimi  || teãbãõkhéimiii
|-
| Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit  || teãbãõkhéimitii
|-
| Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii
|-
| Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot  || teãbãõkhéimotii
|}
Reflexive pronoun
c'hug(-self)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! Singular !!
|-
| Nominative || - ||
|-
| Genitive || c'hug ||
|-
| Dative || c'huga ||
|-
| Accusative || c'hug ||
|-
| Vocative || - ||
|-
| Instrumental || c'hugot ||
|}
Demonstrative pronouns
gan(this)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || gan || ganii
|-
| Genitive || gane || ganeii
|-
| Dative || gana|| ganaii
|-
| Accusative || ganat|| ganatii
|-
| Vocative || gano || ganoii
|-
| Instrumental || ganot || ganotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || gan || ganii
|-
| Genitive || gane || ganeii
|-
|  Dative || ganet || ganetii
|-
| Accusative || ganon || ganonii
|-
| Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii
|-
| Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || gan || ganii
|-
| Genitive || gane || ganeii
|-
| Dative || gani || ganiii
|-
| Accusative || ganit || ganit
|-
| Vocative || gano || ganoii
|-
| Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii
|}
nhal(that)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nhal || nhalii
|-
| Genitive || nhale || nhaleii
|-
| Dative || nhala|| nhalaii
|-
| Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii
|-
| Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii
|-
| Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nhal || nhalii
|-
| Genitive || nhale || nhaleii
|-
| Dative || nhalet || nhaletii
|-
| Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii
|-
| Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii
|-
| Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || nhal || nhalii
|-
| Genitive || nhale || nhaleii
|-
| Dative || nhali || nhaliii
|-
| Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii
|-
| Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii
|-
| Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii
|}
jhav(that)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii
|-
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii
|-
| Dative || jhava|| jhavaii
|-
| Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii
|-
| Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii
|-
| Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii
|-
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii
|-
| Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii
|-
| Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii
|-
| Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii
|-
| Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii
|-
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii
|-
| Dative || jhavi || jhaviii
|-
| Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii
|-
| Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii
|-
| Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii
|}
Interrogative pronouns
thãz((who)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Singular
|-
| Nominative|| thãz
|-
| Genitive || thãze
|-
| Dative || thãza
|-
| Accusative || thãzat
|-
| Vocative || -
|-
| Instrumental || thãzot
|}
yaaj(what)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! Singular
|-
| Nominative || yaaj
|-
| Genitive || yaaje
|-
| Dative || yaaja
|-
| Accusative || yaajat
|-
| Vocative || -
|-
| Instrumental || yaajot
|}
Relative pronouns
abhõp(which)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii
|-
| Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii
|-
| Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa
|-
| Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii
|-
| Vocative || - || -
|-
| Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii
|-
| Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii
|-
| Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii
|-
| Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii
|-
| Vocative || - || -
|-
| Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii
|-
| Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii
|-
| Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii
|-
| Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii
|-
| Vocative || - || -
|-
| Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii
|}
Indefinite pronouns:
guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)
pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)
s'him(all) etc.
Adjectives
Adjectives
Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.
Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.
moní-beautiful
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!    Singular  !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
|-
| Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní
|-
| Genitive || moníe ||moníe  || moníe
|-
| Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi
|-
| Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit
|-
| Vocative || monío || moníono || monío
|-
| Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot
|-
| Plural ||
|-
| Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii
|-
| Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii
|-
| Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii
|-
| Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii
|-
| Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii
|-
| Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii
|-
|}
Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní.
Comparation
Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.
Regular comparation
For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)
For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír  or ka ganõm.
Verbs
Verbs
Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu
Regular conjugation:
to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko
Indicative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh  !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh  !! teãbãõkhé !!
|-
| Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh
|-
| Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh
|-
| Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh
|-
| Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko
|-
| Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-
  euhanh õnhakako-euko
|-
| Future I ||õnhakaba-euba  || õnhakabay-eubay  || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo  || õnhakabayot-eubayot  || õnhakabanh-eubanh 
|-
| Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh
  õnhakako-euko
|-
| Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh
|-
| Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-
  eumúnh õnhakako-euko
|}
Subjanctive
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh  !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh
|-
| Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh
|-
| Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko
|-
| Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko||
  dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh
  õnhakako-euko
|-
| Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét  || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo  || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot  || õnhakabénh-eubénh
|}
Imperative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot  || -
|}
Auxilary verbs:
bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)
bãssãjha-eu
Indicative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh
|-
| Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh
|-
| Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay  || bússahat-euahat  || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh     
|-
| Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko
|-
| Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko  || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko  || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-
                                                                                                                                                                                            euko       
|-
| Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay  || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh
|-
| Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko
|-
| Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh
|-
| Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko  || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko  || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko  ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot
                                                                                                                                                                                  busko-euko
|-
|}
Subjanctive
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy  || bãssãjhét-euét  || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh 
|-
| Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze  || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet  || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot  || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh
|-
| Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko
|-
| Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-
                                                                                                                                                                                          euko
|-
| Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh 
|}
Imperative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!    !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -
|}
dãna-eu
Indicative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh
|-
| Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh
|-
| Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh
|-
| Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-
  euko
|-
| Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-
  euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko
|-
| Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh
|-
| Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu
|-
| Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh
|-
| Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko  || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko  || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko  ||
dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko  || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko
|}
Subjanctive
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !!  nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh
|-
| Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh
|-
| Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-
  euénh danko-euko
|-
| Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko  || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko
|-
| Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh
|}
Imperative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! nõhi !! úbosh  !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -
|}
Irregular verbs and modal verbs
Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation
|-
| lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu  || lhãko-euko || to want
|-
| hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink
|-
| ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know
|-
| naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see
|-
| n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can
|}
Adverbs
Adverbs
Particles
Particles
Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology

Latest revision as of 19:17, 9 February 2021



Introduction

Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.



Phonology

Orthography

Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.

Letter Name of letter
a akú
ã a kamã
á a acún
b bãh
bh abhú
c ca
ch cha
c'h ac'ha
d da
dh adhe
e ekú
é e acún
f fa
fh efhe
g gu
gh aghe
h hu
i ikú
í i acún
j ja
jh jhe
j'h aj'he
k kã
kh akhã
l la
lh lha
l'h al'he
m ma
mh amhe
n ne
nh nhe
n'h an'he
o okú
õ o kamã
ó o acún
p pu
ph aphú
r ra
rh arha
s se
sh she
s'h as'hé
t tan
th athan
u ukú
ú u acún
v vãku
vh vhãku
y yun
z za
zh azha

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ nh /ɲ/ n /ŋ/
Plosive p /p/ b /b/ t /t/ d /d/ k /k/ g /g/
Affricate c /t͡s/ ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/
Fricative f /f/ v /v/ s /s/ z /z/ sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ *(')h /x/ h /h/
Approximant y /j/
Trill r /r/
Lateral app. l /l/ lh /ʎ/
  • (')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, í /i/ u, ú /u/
Close-mid e, é /e/ õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/
Mid ã /ə/
Open a, á /a/

Prosody

Stress

Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.

Intonation

Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.

Phonotactics

In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.

Morphology

Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.


Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&oldid=219165"