Dãterške: Difference between revisions
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Another relatively unique feature of the language is that it has no phonemic stress, intonation, or even syllable-boundaries, thus forcing both the speaker & listener either to innovate all the likely possibilities of the prosody of a given sentence or analyze it purely as a sequence of sounds. However, it is important to note that, at least for casual speech, primary stress and/or hiğ-tone is often placed on the initial syllable of a word, and secondary stress and/or mid-tone is often [[:w:trochee|trochaic]] (placed in repeating patterns of stressed-unstressed) from the beginning of the word. An exception to the rule of casual stress would be a syllable containing a lengthened or ава ( | Another relatively unique feature of the language is that it has no phonemic stress, intonation, or even syllable-boundaries, thus forcing both the speaker & listener either to innovate all the likely possibilities of the prosody of a given sentence or analyze it purely as a sequence of sounds. However, it is important to note that, at least for casual speech, primary stress and/or hiğ-tone is often placed on the initial syllable of a word, and secondary stress and/or mid-tone is often [[:w:trochee|trochaic]] (placed in repeating patterns of stressed-unstressed) from the beginning of the word. An exception to the rule of casual stress would be a syllable containing a lengthened or ава (rouğ) vowel, which is stressed by default. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Despite Elliott often having remarked that the language had almost no phonotactic limits, Danterian does in fact have some very clear phonotactics which are as follows. | |||
'''Syllable Structure:''' (W/N)(C)<sup>6</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>V/-P<sup>2</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>(C)<sup>4</sup>(W/N)<br> | '''Syllable Structure:''' (W/N)(C)<sup>6</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>V/-P<sup>2</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>(C)<sup>4</sup>(W/N)<br> | ||
Where: | Where: | ||
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#Unstressed /ʲi/, /ʲe/, /ʲø/, /ʲɒ/, /ʲo/, /ʲɯ/ cannot preceed liquids and will become lengthened /ː/ and/or undergo ава-ућу mutation. | #Unstressed /ʲi/, /ʲe/, /ʲø/, /ʲɒ/, /ʲo/, /ʲɯ/ cannot preceed liquids and will become lengthened /ː/ and/or undergo ава-ућу mutation. | ||
#Adjacent consonants with multiple similar features may merge (their Places of Articulation). | #Adjacent consonants with multiple similar features may merge (their Places of Articulation). | ||
#Lenis Stops are not released syllable-finally or | #Lenis Stops are not released syllable-finally or preceding other Stops. | ||
#Complex consonant clusters with non-plosives >C<sup>6</sup> become syllabic. | #Complex consonant clusters with non-plosives >C<sup>6</sup> become syllabic. | ||
#/j/, /w/, /ʕ/, /r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/, /l/, /ʎ/, /l̃/, /ʎ̃/, /ʡ/ become devoiced after Aspirated Stops and assimilate with the plosive. | #/j/, /w/, /ʕ/, /r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/, /l/, /ʎ/, /l̃/, /ʎ̃/, /ʡ/ become devoiced after Aspirated Stops and assimilate with the plosive. | ||
Revision as of 01:53, 25 April 2021
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| Danterian | |
|---|---|
| Dãterške, Danterske | |
| Дантэршкэ Дантэрскэ атӕжӀұец | |
 The official flag of the Scientific Nation of Danterlokhan. | |
| Pronunciation | [/t̬antʰɛrʃkʰɛ/ /t̬antʰɛrskʰɛ atʰəʒd͡ʒyjet͡n̥/] |
| Created by | Elliott Wheeler |
| Setting | Verse:Danterlokhan |
A priori languages
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Danterlokhan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qdt |
Dãterške (Дантэршкэ, Дантэрскэ атӕжӀұец), also known as Danterian (English calque) and Danterske, is an auxiliary language created by Elliott Wheeler originally desiğned to suit the needs of the scientific community, as it varies by field. As such, the grammar was loosely modeled after the concepts behind several well-known processes in physical sciences.
A significant portion of its morphology, if not its main purpose, is comprised of native terms and according interactions for scientific terms, technical jargon, and computer-language-derivatives. It's also desiğned to lack multiple synonyms for definitions and has an inherent goal of unarbitrarity, which together makes it relatively difficult to have a colloquial version of the language completely suited for daily life on Earth.
Due to several drastic changes during the course of its development, along with being her first language created, the language is loosely based off of Proto-Altaic, various Slavic languages, Proto-Northwest-Caucasian, and her native idiolect of English, but is ultimately a priori.
Introduction
History
The exact date of the language's inspiration remains unknown, but the project probably began on 26-9-12015 (September 26, 2015) with an Apple Pages document titled "Danterian Language", which featured an abecedarium of a bicameral Cyrillic-, Armenian-, & Latin-based alphabetic script, what appears to be an English approximation for the sound each represented, and a set of orthographic conventions. Featured below is the alphabet copied verbatim from the document.
| Æ | E | A | B | C | Д | Њ | F | G | H | N | J | K | L | M | I | O | ♇ | Ꝗ | R | S | Ð | T | U | V | Щ | Ж | ß | Y | Z |
| æ | є | a | Б/ƃ | c | Δ | ђ | f | դ | h | и | j | k | l | m | ն | o | ꝑ | ꝗ | r | s | þ | t | μ | v | щ | ж | β | y | ƶ |
| (ae) | (e) | (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (ny) | (f) | (g) | (h) | (i) | (j) | (k) | (l) | (m) | (n) | (o) | (p) | (q) | (r) | (s) | (th) | (t) | (u) | (v) | (w) | (zh) | (sz) | (y) | (z) |
More letters were almost certainly added later. This was probably an attempt of an English spelling reform that I decided to use to improve English as a whole, but then evolved into an entirely separate language that I decided to develop as my early knowledge of linguistics grew.
As the language grew, the document where I stored the language's lexicon was named after its first proper word, кражңа, literally translating as "The Index of the Frontier" (Кљіха ды Кражңа). At the time of writing this, the index lists approximately 967 morphemes; enouğ of the language to derive a dictionary from such, but less in that various crucial notes and sketches are recorded elsewhere.
Phonology
Orthography
The orthgraphy of Dãterške is a monocase Russian-inspired Cyrillic alphabet, and is mostly to entirely phonemic, if not phonetic, in that each letter corresponds directly to a single (1) sound or modification on a sound (such as [◌ʼ], [◌ˤ], [◌̃], etC). It's important to note that, unlike many languages, the characters for these modifications, excluding nasalization (ң) and pʼ'aločka (Ӏ), represent phonemes to themselves and not merely modifiers for a grapheme or phoneme. However, an exeption to both axioms here could be the usage of the digraphs «щӀ» & «җӀ» to represent the consonantal sequences /ʃt͡ʃ/ & /ʒd͡ʒ/, respectfully.
Because of its relatively large phonemic inventory, the language had to use relatively unconventional uses and extensions for the letters in modern Cyrillic. This, combined with its monocase typography & usage of circum-sentence punctuation in a manner standardized from Spanish, makes a uniquely recognizable written language. Listed below are all of the characters in the alphabet and associated values in other systems, in no particular order due to the lack of an unarbitrary glyph-order for the language, where the Latin letters in parentheses represent the Danterian transliteration specifically, in contrast to the ISO 9 equivalent(s).
| Letter | IPA Sound | Letter Name | IPA Letter Name | Scientific Latin transliteration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ӏ | /◌ʼ/ | пӀ'алєчһа | /pʼʡalot͡ʃħa/ | ‡ (ʼ) |
| ' | /ʡ/~[ʔ] | нруцӕфих пӀ'алєчһа | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼʡalot͡ʃħa/ | ' |
| і | /ʲi/ | пӀ'алєчһих і | /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx iː/ | Î î (İ i) |
| а | /a/ | а | /a/ | A a |
| ӑ | /ʕ/ | нруцӕфих ӑа | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa/ | Ă ă (ʕ ʿ) |
| я | /ʲɒ/ | я | /ɒ/ | Â â |
| ә | /æ/ | ә | /æ/ | A̋ a̋ (Æ æ) |
| ӕ | /ə/ | ӕ | /ə/ | Ä ä (Ə ə) |
| э | /ɛ/ | э | /ɛ/ | È è (E e) |
| ӭ | /ɘ/ | ӭ' or птрђих ӭ | /ɘʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ/ | Ȅ ȅ (Ë ë) |
| ө | /ɞ/ | ө | /ɞ/ | Ô ô (Œ œ) |
| є | /ʲo/ | є | /o/ | Ê ê (Ô ô) |
| е | /ʲe/ | е | /e/ | E e (Ê ê) |
| ё | /ʲø/~[ʲɵ] | ё' or птрђих ё | /øʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ø/ | Ë ë (Ĕ ĕ) |
| и | /ɪ/ | и | /ɪ/ | I ı |
| ӥ | /i/ | ӥ' or птрђих ӥ | /iʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx i/ | Ï ï |
| й | /j/ | нруцӕфих йи | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ/ | Ĭ ĭ (J j) |
| о | /ʌ/ | о | /ʌ/ | O o |
| ӧ | /ɤ/ | ӧ' or птрђих ӧ | /ɤʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɤ/ | Ö ö |
| у | /u/ | у | /u/ | U u |
| ў | /w/ | нруцӕфих ўу | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu/ | Ŭ ŭ (W w) |
| ұ | /y/ | ұ or пӀ'алєчһих ұ | /y/ or /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y/ | Ù ù |
| ю | /ʲɯ/ | ю | /ɯ/ | Û û |
| ы | /ɨ/ | ы | /ɨ/ | Y y |
| ӹ | /ʉ/ | ӹ' or птрђих ӹ | /ʉʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ʉ/ | Ÿ ÿ |
| м | /ɱ/ | эм | /ɛɱ/ | M m |
| н | /n/ | эн | /ɛn/ | N n |
| ң | /◌̃/ | р'ьәњӕы эң or пӀ'алєчһих эң | /rʡʲæɲəɨ ɛ̃/ or /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃/ | Ņ ņ |
| ц | /t͡n̥/~[θ] | цэ | /t͡n̥ɛ/ | C c |
| њ | /ɲ/ | њэ | /ɲɛ/ | N̂ n̂ (Ñ ñ) |
| б | /p̬/~[b̪] | эб | /ɛp̬/ | B b |
| п | /pʰ/ | пэ | /p̪ʰɛ/ | P p |
| д | /t̬/~[d̟] | эд | /ɛt̬/ | D d |
| т | /tʰ/~[t̟ʰ] | тэ | /tʰɛ/ | T t |
| џ | /d͡ʒ/ | эџ | /ɛd͡ʒ/ | D̂ d̂ |
| ч | /t͡ʃ/ | чэ | /t͡ʃɛ/ | Č č |
| ђ | /c̬/~[ɟ] | эђ | /ɛc̬/ | Đ đ |
| ћ | /cʰ/ | эћ | /cʰɛ/ | Ć ć |
| ӵ | /c͡ç/ | ӵэ | /c͡çɛ/ | C̈ c̈ |
| г | /k̬/~[g] | эг | /ɛk̬/ | G g |
| к | /kʰ/ | кэ | /kʰɛ/ | K k |
| ҝ | /q͡χ/ | ҝэ | /q͡χɛ/ | Q q |
| в | /v/ | ве | /vʲe/ | V v |
| ф | /f/ | еф | /ef/ | F f |
| з | /z/ | зе | /z̟ʲe/ | Z z |
| с | /s/ | ес | /es̟/ | S s |
| ԇ | /sˤ/~[z̥] | ԇөд | /sˤɞt̬/ | Ş ş |
| ж | /ʒ/ | же | /ʒʲe/ | Ž ž |
| ш | /ʃ/ | еш | /eʃ/ | Š š |
| җ | /ʝ/ | җе | /ʝe/ | Ẑ ẑ |
| щ | /ç/ | ещ | /eç/ | Ŝ ŝ |
| ғ | /ɣ/ | ғе | /ɣʲe/ | Ġ ġ (Ƣ ƣ) |
| х | /x/ | ех | /ex/ | X x |
| һ | /ħ/~[h] | һе | /ħʲe/ | H h |
| р | /r/~[ɹ] | ер | /er/ | R r |
| ь | /j/~/◌ʲ/ | ьерь or йерь | /jerʲ/ | ′ (j) |
| ъ | /w/~/◌ʷ/ | ъеръ or ўеръ | /werʷ/ | ″ (w) |
| ҍ | /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/ | ҍерҍ or ӑерҍ | /ʕerˤ/ | ‴ (ʿ) |
| л | /l/~[ɮ] | ел | /el/ | L l |
| љ | /ʎ/ | љер | /ʎer/ | L̂ l̂ (Ł ł) |
Consonants
| Labiodental | Denti-alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal/Uvelar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | 2 artic. | |||||||
| Nasal | ɱ (м) | n (н) | t͡n̥~θ (ц) | ɲ (њ) | ||||
| Plosive | aspirated | pʰ (п) | tʰ (т) | cʰ (ћ) | kʰ (к) | ʡ (') | ||
| lenis | p̬ (б) | t̬ (д) | c̬ (ђ) | k̬ (г) | ||||
| ejective | pʼ (пӀ) | tʼ (тӀ) | t͡ʃʼ (чӀ) | cʼ (ћӀ) | kʼ (кӀ) | qʼ (ҝӀ) | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | p͡f (пф) | t͡s (тс) | t͡ʃ (ч) | c͡ç (ӵ) | q͡χ~k͡xʷ (ҝ) | ||
| ʃt͡ʃ (щӀ) | ||||||||
| voiced | b͡v (бв) | d͡z (дз) | d͡ʒ (џ) | |||||
| ʒd͡ʒ (җӀ) | ||||||||
| nasal release | t̃ʰ (тң) | t͡ʃ̃ⁿ (чң) | c̃ʰ (ћң) | g̊ⁿ (кң,гң) | ||||
| dⁿ~nˑ (дң) | d͡ʒ̃ⁿ (џң) | ɟⁿ~ɲˑ (ђң) | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f (ф) | s[note 1] (с) | sˤ~z̥[note 1] (ԇ) | ʃ (ш) | ç (щ) | x (х) | ħ (һ) |
| voiced | v (в) | z[note 1] (з) | zʲ (зь) | ʒ (ж) | ʝ (җ) | ɣ (ғ) | ||
| nasalized | f̃ (фң) | s̃ (сң) | s̃ˤ (ԇң) | ʃ̃ (шң) | ç̃ (щң) | x̃ (хң) | ||
| ṽ (вң) | z̃ (зң) | ʒ̃ (жң) | ||||||
| Approximant | r~ɹ (р) | r̃ (рң) | rʲ (рь) | j (ь,й) | w (ъ,ў) | ʕ (ҍ,ӑ) | ||
| Lateral | oral | l~ɮ (л) | ʎ (љ) | |||||
| nasalized | l̃ (лң) | ʎ̃ (љң) | ||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | oral | i (ӥ) ʲi(ː) (і) | y (ұ) | ɨ (ы) | ʉ (ӹ) | u (у) | |
| nasal | ĩ (ің/ӥң) | ỹ (ұң) | ɨ̃ (ың) | ʉ̃ (ӹң) | ũ (уң) | ||
| Near-close | oral | ɪ (и) | ʲɯ (ю) | ||||
| nasal | ɪ̃ (иң) | ɯ̃ (юң) | |||||
| Close-mid | oral | ʲe (е) | ɘ (ӭ) | ʲø~ʲɵ (ё) | ɤ (ӧ) | ʲo (є) | |
| nasal | ẽ (ең) | ɘ̃ (ӭң) | ø̃~ɵ̃ (ёң) | ɤ̃ (ӧң) | õ (єң) | ||
| Open-mid | oral | ɛ (э) | ə (ӕ) | ɞ (ө) | ʌ (о) | ||
| nasal | ɛ̃ (эң) | ə̃ (ӕң) | ɞ̃ (өң) | ʌ̃ (оң) | |||
| Near-open | oral | æ (ә) | |||||
| nasal | æ̃ (әң) | ||||||
| Open | oral | a (а) | ʲɒ (я) | ||||
| nasal | ã (аң) | ɒ̃ (яң) | |||||
Prosody
Another relatively unique feature of the language is that it has no phonemic stress, intonation, or even syllable-boundaries, thus forcing both the speaker & listener either to innovate all the likely possibilities of the prosody of a given sentence or analyze it purely as a sequence of sounds. However, it is important to note that, at least for casual speech, primary stress and/or hiğ-tone is often placed on the initial syllable of a word, and secondary stress and/or mid-tone is often trochaic (placed in repeating patterns of stressed-unstressed) from the beginning of the word. An exception to the rule of casual stress would be a syllable containing a lengthened or ава (rouğ) vowel, which is stressed by default.
Phonotactics
Despite Elliott often having remarked that the language had almost no phonotactic limits, Danterian does in fact have some very clear phonotactics which are as follows.
Syllable Structure: (W/N)(C)6(W)2V/-P2(W)2(C)4(W/N)
Where:
- C = Consonant
- N = Nasal consonant
- -P = Non-plosive
- V = Vowel
- W = Semivowel
- /r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/ cannot immediately follow a Palato-alveolar consonant.
- Unstressed /ʲi/, /ʲe/, /ʲø/, /ʲɒ/, /ʲo/, /ʲɯ/ cannot preceed liquids and will become lengthened /ː/ and/or undergo ава-ућу mutation.
- Adjacent consonants with multiple similar features may merge (their Places of Articulation).
- Lenis Stops are not released syllable-finally or preceding other Stops.
- Complex consonant clusters with non-plosives >C6 become syllabic.
- /j/, /w/, /ʕ/, /r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/, /l/, /ʎ/, /l̃/, /ʎ̃/, /ʡ/ become devoiced after Aspirated Stops and assimilate with the plosive.
- Voiced and unvoiced equivalents of a consonant cannot be adjacent unless at a syllable boundary.
- /t͡n̥l/ cannot occur.
Ава-ућу vowel correspondence
| Series # | Ава | Ућу |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | А | Е |
| 2 | Ә | Ӭ |
| 3 | И | Ӕ |
| 4 | Э Ө | |
| 5 | О | У |
| 6 | Є | І |
| 7 | Ӥ | Ы |
| 8 | Ӧ | Ұ |
| 9 | Ю | Ӹ |
| 10 | Я | Ё |
| 11 | аў,ӑу | єұ |
| 12 | Р | Л |
Morphophonology
Due to the language being a semi-agglutinative language, little pure morphophonological processes take place other than the characteristic Danterian vowel mutation. Because of this process alone, one could either analyze the language’s morphological typology as an agglutinative language with ablauting morphemes, or as a minor fusional language without sandhi. One could argue that there is a complex system of vowel harmony underlying every word, but if existing, such is yet to be decoded.
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
The constituent order of the language is relatively straiğtforward, being almost exclusively SOV in almost all instances. Other words-orders (commonly SVO) may be used occasionally for poetic effect, but such must be clearly marked with affices denoting their grammatical role, often merely to avoid ambiguity.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
- The Internationale - ТрәнњещӀьахимнһц
- Even when issues arise - шԇөтңжелф хжалд'с ды җӀұйец бољата
- Hansu Hansuen - Дихтатэрин ды дихтатэрин'с
Swadesh list