Kyrdan Swadesh list: Difference between revisions

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Line 48: Line 48:
|c=02| niyum
|c=02| niyum
|c=03| yaim
|c=03| yaim
|c=04| xei
|c=04| xai
|-
|-
|i=No| 10
|i=No| 10
Line 55: Line 55:
|c=02| tam
|c=02| tam
|c=03| taim
|c=03| taim
|c=04| dei
|c=04| dai
|-
|-
|i=No| 11
|i=No| 11
Line 108: Line 108:
|i=No| 18
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=en| many
|c=01| *eřku
|c=01| *eřku-n
|c=02| erku
|c=02| erku
|c=03| išku
|c=03| iškun
|c=04|  
|c=04| esku
|-
|-
|i=No| 19
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=en| some
|c=01|  
|c=01| *za-lë-n
|c=02|  
|c=02| za
|c=03|  
|c=03| zalen
|c=04|  
|c=04| sale
|-
|-
|i=No| 20
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=en| few
|c=01|  
|c=01| *gelki-n
|c=02|  
|c=02| kelka
|c=03|  
|c=03| kelkan
|c=04|  
|c=04| gelki
|-
|-
|i=No| 21
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=en| other
|c=01|  
|c=01| *tāt
|c=02|  
|c=02| thōt
|c=03|  
|c=03| thāt
|c=04|  
|c=04| tāt
|-
|-
|i=No| 22
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=en| one
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ig<br>ŋiq
|c=02|  
|c=02| ik
|c=03|  
|c=03| ik
|c=04|  
|c=04| ŋiˀ
|-
|-
|i=No| 23
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=en| two
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ʒë-u
|c=02|  
|c=02| cu
|c=03|  
|c=03| cu
|c=04|  
|c=04| se
|-
|-
|i=No| 24
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=en| three
|c=01|  
|c=01| *eš-ga
|c=02|  
|c=02| eška
|c=03|  
|c=03| eška
|c=04|  
|c=04| eš
|-
|-
|i=No| 25
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=en| four
|c=01|  
|c=01| *pa-ga
|c=02|  
|c=02| phak
|c=03|  
|c=03| phaka
|c=04|  
|c=04| pa
|-
|-
|i=No| 26
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=en| five
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ja-ga
|c=02|  
|c=02| yak
|c=03|  
|c=03| yaka
|c=04|  
|c=04| ya
|-
|-
|i=No| 27
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=en| big
|c=01|  
|c=01| *wō
|c=02|  
|c=02| wōa
|c=03|  
|c=03| wō
|c=04|  
|c=04| yō
|-
|-
|i=No| 28
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=en| long
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ej
|c=02|  
|c=02| *eja
|c=03|  
|c=03| *ei
|c=04|  
|c=04| *ēi
|-
|-
|i=No| 29
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=en| wide
|c=01|  
|c=01| *pas
|c=02|  
|c=02| phasa
|c=03|  
|c=03| phas
|c=04|  
|c=04| pas
|-
|-
|i=No| 30
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=en| thick
|c=01|  
|c=01| *bag
|c=02|  
|c=02| paka
|c=03|  
|c=03| pak
|c=04|  
|c=04| bak
|-
|-
|i=No| 31
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=en| heavy
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qōp<br>*šad-i
|c=02|  
|c=02| hōpa
|c=03|  
|c=03| šat
|c=04|  
|c=04| ōp<br>sadi
|-
|-
|i=No| 32
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=en| small
|c=01|  
|c=01| *jēř-i
|c=02|  
|c=02| yera
|c=03|  
|c=03| yer
|c=04|  
|c=04| yēci
|-
|-
|i=No| 33
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=en| short
|c=01|  
|c=01| *kyr<br>*ʒin-i
|c=02|  
|c=02| khera
|c=03|  
|c=03| khēr<br>cin
|c=04|  
|c=04| sini
|-
|-
|i=No| 34
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=en| narrow
|c=01|  
|c=01| *rap
|c=02|  
|c=02| rapa
|c=03|  
|c=03| rap
|c=04|  
|c=04| rap
|-
|-
|i=No| 35
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=en| thin
|c=01|  
|c=01| *pāx<br>*xis-i
|c=02|  
|c=02| xesa
|c=03|  
|c=03| pāx
|c=04|  
|c=04| xiši
|-
|-
|i=No| 36
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=en| woman
|c=01|  
|c=01| *eřaŋi<br>*čalmi
|c=02|  
|c=02| ŋiraŋi
|c=03|  
|c=03| meraŋi
|c=04|  
|c=04| salmi
|-
|-
|i=No| 37
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man (adult male)
|c=en| man (adult male)
|c=01|  
|c=01| *bëki
|c=02|  
|c=02| ŋirpekhi
|c=03|  
|c=03| mirpekhi
|c=04|  
|c=04| beki
|-
|-
|i=No| 38
|i=No| 38
|c=en| man (human being)
|c=en| man (human being)
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ŋʷiri<br>*kyci
|c=02|  
|c=02| ŋiri
|c=03|  
|c=03| miri
|c=04|  
|c=04| kici
|-
|-
|i=No| 39
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child
|c=en| child
|c=01|  
|c=01| *nini
|c=02|  
|c=02| nini
|c=03|  
|c=03| nini
|c=04|  
|c=04| nini
|-
|-
|i=No| 40
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=en| wife
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qaweřaŋi
|c=02|  
|c=02| hauraŋi
|c=03|  
|c=03| haweraŋi
|c=04|  
|c=04| aicaŋi
|-
|-
|i=No| 41
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=en| husband
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qawëbëki
|c=02|  
|c=02| haupekhi
|c=03|  
|c=03| hawepekhi
|c=04|  
|c=04| aibeki
|-
|-
|i=No| 42
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=en| mother
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ameřaŋi
|c=02|  
|c=02| ameraŋi
|c=03|  
|c=03| ameraŋi
|c=04|  
|c=04| amecaŋi
|-
|-
|i=No| 43
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=en| father
|c=01|  
|c=01| *amabëki
|c=02|  
|c=02| amapekhi
|c=03|  
|c=03| amapekhi
|c=04|  
|c=04| amabeki
|-
|-
|i=No| 44
|i=No| 44
|c=en| living<br>creature
|c=en| living<br>creature
|c=01|  
|c=01| *alësi
|c=02|  
|c=02| arri
|c=03|  
|c=03| alesi
|c=04|  
|c=04| atti
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| colony
|c=01| *ōqař
|c=02| ōar
|c=03| ōaš
|c=04| ōhat
|-
|-
|i=No| 53
|i=No| 53
|c=en| pipe
|c=en| pipe
|c=01|  
|c=01| *weq
|c=02|  
|c=02| we
|c=03|  
|c=03| we
|c=04|  
|c=04| yeˀ
|-
|-
|i=No| 55
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed<br>capsule
|c=en| seed<br>capsule
|c=01|  
|c=01| *zalëši
|c=02|  
|c=02| zarer
|c=03|  
|c=03| zašeš
|c=04|  
|c=04| salex
|-
|-
|i=No| 56
|i=No| 56
|c=en| archaea
|c=en| archaea
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ŋipas
|c=02|  
|c=02| ŋephas
|c=03|  
|c=03| ŋephas
|c=04|  
|c=04| ŋipaš
|-
|-
|i=No| 57
|i=No| 57
|c=en| origin
|c=en| origin
|c=01|  
|c=01| *yrim
|c=02|  
|c=02| irim
|c=03|  
|c=03| ērim
|c=04|  
|c=04| irim
|-
|-
|i=No| 58
|i=No| 58
|c=en| membrane
|c=en| membrane
|c=01|  
|c=01| *fem
|c=02|  
|c=02| hem
|c=03|  
|c=03| hem
|c=04|  
|c=04| em
|-
|-
|i=No| 60
|i=No| 60
|c=en| microbial<br>mat
|c=en| microbial<br>mat
|c=01|  
|c=01| *lum
|c=02|  
|c=02| lum
|c=03|  
|c=03| akalem
|c=04|  
|c=04| lum
|-
|-
|i=No| 61
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=en| rope
|c=01|  
|c=01| *jeiq<sup>?</sup>
|c=02|  
|c=02| jei
|c=03|  
|c=03| jei
|c=04|  
|c=04| ēˀ
|-
|-
|i=No| 62
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin
|c=en| skin
|c=01|  
|c=01| *zër
|c=02|  
|c=02| zer
|c=03|  
|c=03| zer
|c=04|  
|c=04| ser
|-
|-
|i=No| 63
|i=No| 63
|c=en| flesh
|c=en| flesh
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ryw
|c=02|  
|c=02| rē
|c=03|  
|c=03| rewa
|c=04|  
|c=04| ri
|-
|-
|i=No| 64
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=en| blood
|c=01|  
|c=01| *aur<br>*ur
|c=02|  
|c=02| aur
|c=03|  
|c=03| aur
|c=04|  
|c=04| ur
|-
|-
|i=No| 65
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=en| bone
|c=01|  
|c=01| *řaqʷas
|c=02|  
|c=02| rōs
|c=03|  
|c=03| šawa
|c=04|  
|c=04| saˀaš
|-
|-
|i=No| 66
|i=No| 66
|c=en| body
|c=en| body
|c=01|  
|c=01| *jaux
|c=02|  
|c=02| jaux
|c=03|  
|c=03| jaux
|c=04|  
|c=04| jōx
|-
|-
|i=No| 67
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg, cyst
|c=en| egg, cyst
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ŋaus<br>*nāqëm
|c=02|  
|c=02| ŋaus
|c=03|  
|c=03| ŋaus
|c=04|  
|c=04| nāˀem
|-
|-
|i=No| 69
|i=No| 69
|c=en| end
|c=en| end
|c=01|  
|c=01| *čulpēk
|c=02|  
|c=02| chulpēk
|c=03|  
|c=03| chulpēk
|c=04|  
|c=04| culpēk
|-
|-
|i=No| 70
|i=No| 70
|c=en| cover
|c=en| cover
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ʒap<br>*ŋič
|c=02| cap
|c=02| cap
|c=03| capham
|c=03| capham
Line 402: Line 409:
|i=No| 71
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=en| hair
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qepë
|c=02|  
|c=02| hep
|c=03|  
|c=03| hep
|c=04|  
|c=04| epe
|-
|-
|i=No| 72
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=en| head
|c=01|  
|c=01| *fes<br>*tuq
|c=02|  
|c=02| hes
|c=03|  
|c=03| hes
|c=04|  
|c=04| tuˀ
|-
|-
|i=No| 73
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=en| ear
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qysul
|c=02|  
|c=02| hisul
|c=03|  
|c=03| hēsul
|c=04|  
|c=04| išul
|-
|-
|i=No| 74
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=en| eye
|c=01|  
|c=01| ŋëw-in
|c=02|  
|c=02| ŋiwin
|c=03|  
|c=03| mēn
|c=04|  
|c=04| ŋain
|-
|-
|i=No| 75
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=en| nose
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qëmgir
|c=02|  
|c=02| himkir
|c=03|  
|c=03| himkir
|c=04|  
|c=04| emgir
|-
|-
|i=No| 76
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=en| mouth
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qʷez
|c=02|  
|c=02| hez
|c=03|  
|c=03| wez
|c=04|  
|c=04| es
|-
|-
|i=No| 77
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth
|c=en| tooth
|c=01|  
|c=01| *qij<br>*lenxu
|c=02|  
|c=02| linux
|c=03|  
|c=03| hije<br>linux
|c=04|  
|c=04| leˀun
|-
|-
|i=No| 78
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue (organ)
|c=en| tongue (organ)
|c=01|  
|c=01| *feiř
|c=02|  
|c=02| heir
|c=03|  
|c=03| heiš
|c=04|  
|c=04| ēc
|-
|-
|i=No| 79
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01|  
|c=01| *gʷit-tuŋ
|c=02|  
|c=02| kittuŋ
|c=03|  
|c=03| kwittuŋ
|c=04|  
|c=04| kit
|-
|-
|i=No| 80
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=en| foot
|c=01|  
|c=01| *zitiř<br>*aqa-sad
|c=02|  
|c=02| zitir
|c=03|  
|c=03| zitiš
|c=04|  
|c=04| ahasat
|-
|-
|i=No| 81
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=en| leg
|c=01|  
|c=01| *cēdëw
|c=02|  
|c=02| chētu
|c=03|  
|c=03| chētu
|c=04|  
|c=04| cēd
|-
|-
|i=No| 82
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=en| knee
|c=01|  
|c=01| *ķiq
|c=02|  
|c=02| ki
|c=03|  
|c=03| ki
|c=04|  
|c=04| ciˀ
|-
|-
|i=No| 83
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=en| hand
|c=01|  
|c=01| *rim<br>*byr
|c=02|  
|c=02| rim
|c=03|  
|c=03| pēr
|c=04|  
|c=04| rim
|-
|-
|i=No| 84
|i=No| 84
|c=en| corner
|c=en| corner
|c=01|  
|c=01| *bil
|c=02|  
|c=02| pil
|c=03|  
|c=03| pilum
|c=04|  
|c=04| nambil
|-
|-
|i=No| 85
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=en| belly
|c=01|  
|c=01| *tāg
|c=02|  
|c=02| thōk
|c=03|  
|c=03| thāk
|c=04|  
|c=04| tāk
|-
|-
|i=No| 86
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=en| guts
|c=01|  
|c=01| *jydëm
|c=02|  
|c=02| jitem
|c=03|  
|c=03| jētem
|c=04|  
|c=04| item
|-
|-
|i=No| 87
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=en| neck
|c=01|  
|c=01| ķōqʷa
|c=02|  
|c=02|  
|c=03|  
|c=03|  
Line 543: Line 550:
|c=en| liver
|c=en| liver
|c=01| –
|c=01| –
|c=02| mupilnu item
|c=02| mupilnu jitem
|c=03| mupilnu etem
|c=03| mupilnu jētem
|c=04| sipildamnu idem
|c=04| sipildamnu idem
|-
|-

Revision as of 09:32, 24 May 2021

This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Kyrdan and its main descendants. This particular list is based on a 207 word list, although not all original words are present, because Kyrdan speakers were not familiar with some of these terms or concepts and thus their languages lack words for them. Some words were replaced with terminology, familiar to Kyrdan speakers (for example: 56 “leaf” or 57 “root” were replaced with “microbial mat” and “origin”), while other words were simply left out.

No. English Proto-Kyrdan Kirtumur Kērsalur Cirdamur
1 I *qa- ha- ha- a-
2 you (singular) *ā- ō- ā- ā-
3 he – i- yi-/ye- xi-
7 this – yi- yu- i-
8 that *da ta ta da
9 here – niyum yaim xai
10 there *da-im? tam taim dai
11 who *gʷar~kʷar khar khwar gar
12 what *war war war yar
13 where – kei war neamasa yarcēm
14 when *kʷim~kʷiŋ khim kwhim giŋ
15 how *kōn khōn khōn kōn
16 not *ma~mi ma~mi mi ma
17 all *andu antu antu andu
18 many *eřku-n erku iškun esku
19 some *za-lë-n za zalen sale
20 few *gelki-n kelka kelkan gelki
21 other *tāt thōt thāt tāt
22 one *ig
ŋiq 		ik ik ŋiˀ
23 two *ʒë-u cu cu se
24 three *eš-ga eška eška eš
25 four *pa-ga phak phaka pa
26 five *ja-ga yak yaka ya
27 big *wō wōa wō yō
28 long *ej *eja *ei *ēi
29 wide *pas phasa phas pas
30 thick *bag paka pak bak
31 heavy *qōp
*šad-i 		hōpa šat ōp
sadi
32 small *jēř-i yera yer yēci
33 short *kyr
*ʒin-i 		khera khēr
cin 		sini
34 narrow *rap rapa rap rap
35 thin *pāx
*xis-i 		xesa pāx xiši
36 woman *eřaŋi
*čalmi 		ŋiraŋi meraŋi salmi
37 man (adult male) *bëki ŋirpekhi mirpekhi beki
38 man (human being) *ŋʷiri
*kyci 		ŋiri miri kici
39 child *nini nini nini nini
40 wife *qaweřaŋi hauraŋi haweraŋi aicaŋi
41 husband *qawëbëki haupekhi hawepekhi aibeki
42 mother *ameřaŋi ameraŋi ameraŋi amecaŋi
43 father *amabëki amapekhi amapekhi amabeki
44 living
creature 		*alësi arri alesi atti
52 colony *ōqař ōar ōaš ōhat
53 pipe *weq we we yeˀ
55 seed
capsule 		*zalëši zarer zašeš salex
56 archaea *ŋipas ŋephas ŋephas ŋipaš
57 origin *yrim irim ērim irim
58 membrane *fem hem hem em
60 microbial
mat 		*lum lum akalem lum
61 rope *jeiq? jei jei ēˀ
62 skin *zër zer zer ser
63 flesh *ryw rē rewa ri
64 blood *aur
*ur 		aur aur ur
65 bone *řaqʷas rōs šawa saˀaš
66 body *jaux jaux jaux jōx
67 egg, cyst *ŋaus
*nāqëm 		ŋaus ŋaus nāˀem
69 end *čulpēk chulpēk chulpēk culpēk
70 cover *ʒap
*ŋič 		cap capham ŋic
71 hair *qepë hep hep epe
72 head *fes
*tuq 		hes hes tuˀ
73 ear *qysul hisul hēsul išul
74 eye ŋëw-in ŋiwin mēn ŋain
75 nose *qëmgir himkir himkir emgir
76 mouth *qʷez hez wez es
77 tooth *qij
*lenxu 		linux hije
linux 		leˀun
78 tongue (organ) *feiř heir heiš ēc
79 fingernail *gʷit-tuŋ kittuŋ kwittuŋ kit
80 foot *zitiř
*aqa-sad 		zitir zitiš ahasat
81 leg *cēdëw chētu chētu cēd
82 knee *ķiq ki ki ciˀ
83 hand *rim
*byr 		rim pēr rim
84 corner *bil pil pilum nambil
85 belly *tāg thōk thāk tāk
86 guts *jydëm jitem jētem item
87 neck ķōqʷa
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver – mupilnu jitem mupilnu jētem sipildamnu idem
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
inhale
96 to spit
exhale
97 to vomit – utitem aneca
98 to blow intu ceiya
99 to breathe ceiya
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die kala
110 to kill tō kala
111 to fight
112 to chase
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water *wa wa wa ya
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 to burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white ē
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife)
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in ni- ni-
203 with *-da? -ta
204 and – ō kwa ŋa
205 if lē-
206 because *mu mu- mu mu-
207 name *ķal kal kal cal
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