Kihā́mmic: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:04, 4 July 2021

Kihā́mmic
kihāmatī́zô tárak

Pronunciation	[kɪɦɑːmaˈtiːzo ˈtaɾak]
Created by	pá mamūnám ontā́ bán
Native to	Kihāmát
Native speakers	5,283,084 (2011)
Language family	Panlaffic languages Kihā́mmic branch Kihā́mmic
Writing system	Panlaffic alphabet Latin alphabet (Panlaffic)
Official status
Official language in	Kihāmát
Regulated by	The Kihā́mmic Institute of Language and Linguistics

pá mamūnám ontā́ bán : non nobis solum : not for ourselves alone

My to do list for Kihā́mmic can be found here. If you have any suggestions for additions, clean ups or clarifications then don't hesitate to add them!

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Kihāmát on Google Maps.

The Kihā́mmic language (Kihā́mmic Latin: Lố kihāmatī́zô tárak, [ˈlo kɪɦɑːmaˈtiːzo ˈtaɾak]) is the main language spoken in Kihāmát. It is an inflected fusional nominative-accusative language, which has two numbers, three genders and nine cases. There are over five million native speakers of Kihā́mmic at present; nearly seventy per cent of the country's population, the majority of the remaining thirty per cent speak Kihā́mmic fluently as their second language. The language belongs to the isolated family, which is indigenous to the eight islands that make up Kihāmát. There are six other extant Panlaffic languages, including the closely related Church Kihā́mmic, as well as a few more extinct languages.

Phonology and orthography

See also: Kihā́mmic phonology and IPA for Kihā́mmic

The Kihā́mmic language can be written in either the native Panlaffic script, in which all Panlaffic languages are traditionally written, or in the Standardised Romanised Panlaffic Alphabet used here.

Consonants

Grapheme		IPA	Description	Notes
P	p	[p]	voiceless bilabial plosive	-
L	l	[l], [ɫ]	alveolar lateral approximant, velarised alveolar lateral approximant	[l] becomes [ɫ] before another consonant
M	m	[m], [ɱ]	bilabial nasal, labiodental nasal	[m] becomes [ɱ] before f and v
N	n	[n], [ŋ]	alveolar nasal, velar nasal	[n] becomes [ŋ] before g and k
D	d	[d]	voiced alveolar plosive	-
H	h	[h], [ɦ]	voiceless glottal fricative, voiced glottal fricative	[h] becomes [ɦ] before y, after k and between two vowels
K	k	[k]	voiceless velar plosive	-
R	r	[ɾ], [ɹ]	alveolar tap, alveolar approximant	[ɾ] becomes [ɹ] at the start of a word
B	b	[b]	voiced bilabial plosive	-
Þ	þ	[θ], [ð]	voiceless dental fricative, voiced dental fricative	-
V	v	[v]	voiced labiodental fricative	-
Z	z	[z]	voiced alveolar fricative	-
Ž	ž	[ʒ]	voiced palato-alveolar fricative	-
F	f	[f]	voiceless labiodental fricative	-
G	g	[g]	voiced velar plosive	-
S	S	[s]	voiceless alveolar fricative	-
Š	š	[ʃ]	voiceless palato-alveolar fricative	-
Č	č	[t͡ʃ]	voiceless palato-alveolar affricate	-
T	t	[t]	voiceless alveolar plosive	-
Y	y	[j]	palatal approximant	-

Vowels

Grapheme		IPA	Description	Notes
A	a	[a]	open front unrounded vowel	-
Ā	ā	[ɑː]	long open back unrounded vowel	-
E	e	[ɛ], [e]	open-mid front unrounded vowel, close-mid front unrounded vowel	[ɛ] becomes [e] at the end of a word for most speakers
O	o	[ɒ]	open back rounded vowel	-
Ô	ô	[o]	close-mid back rounded vowel	-
Ō	ō	[ɔː], [ɔ]	long open-mid back rounded vowel, open-mid back rounded vowel,	-
I	i	[ɪ], [i]	near-close near-front unrounded vowel, close front unrounded vowel	i only very rarely stands for [i]
Ī	ī	[iː]	long close front unrounded vowel	-
Ə	ǝ	[ǝ]	mid-central vowel	-
U	u	[ʊ]	near-close near-back vowel	-
Û	û	[u], [uː]	close back rounded vowel, long close back rounded vowel	[u] sometimes becomes lengthened when stressed
Ū	ū	[uː]	long close back rounded vowel	-

Digraphs and trigraphs

Most of the consonant clusters and diphthongs are self-evident, however, the less obvious of these are shown below:

Grapheme		IPA	Description	Notes
DZ	dz	[d͡z]	voiced alveolar affricate	-
DŽ	dž	[d͡ʒ]	voiced palato-alveolar affricate	-
DS	ds	[d͡z]	voiced alveolar affricate	-
KG	kg	[kː]	geminated voiceless velar plosive	-
KGH	kgh	[ç]	voiceless palatal fricative	-
GK	gk	[gː]	geminated voiced velar plosive	-
GKH	gkh	[ç]	voiceless palatal fricative	-
ÚI	úi	[wi]	voiced labio-velar approximant, close front unrounded vowel	-
TZ	tz	[t͡s]	voiceless alveolar affricate	-
TS	ts	[t͡s]	voiceless alveolar affricate	-

Alphabet

The Kihā́mmic Coat of Arms

As previously mentioned, all of the Panlaffic languages have traditionally been written in the Panlaffic alphabet, the chief variant of which is the Kihā́mmic one. However, use of the Romanised alphabet is increasing. This is mainly due to the Internet and other technologies and media, but also due to the fact that it is easier to write in Latin script.

The Panlaffic alphabet is a true alphabet. An example of its use is shown to left, on the Coat of Arms of Kihāmát. The word on the scroll spells "Kihāmát" in its native script.

Although in the past the Panlaffic script had two cases, a majuscule and a minuscule, only the majuscule is now generally used and the minuscule is never used in any official context.

Romanised alphabet
P p	L l	A a	Ā ā	M m	N n	E e	D d	H h	K k	O o	Ô ô	Ō ō	R r	B b	Þ þ
[pe]	[le]	[a]	[ɑː]	[me]	[ne]	[e]	[de]	[he]	[ke]	[ɒ]	[o]	[ɔː]	[ɹe]	[be]	[ɛθ]
I i	Ī ī	V v	Ə ə	Z z	Ž ž	F f	G g	S s	Š š	Č č	U u	Û û	Ū ū	T t	Y y
[ɪ]	[iː]	[ve]	[ə]	[ze]	[ʒe]	[ɛf]	[ge]	[se]	[ʃe]	[t͡ʃe]	[ʊ]	[u]	[uː]	[te]	[je]

Note that letters do not decline and when used in writing (in the Romanised alphabet) are always capitalised. If declension is necessary the word "léf" [letter (of the alphabet)] is used preceding the letter, e.g. "léf G".

Nota bene

Acute accents over vowels indicate primary stress.
A is always stressed if it the last letter of a word.
Ə is never stressed unless it is the only vowel in the word.
Pluralisation moves the stress to the infix, -am-, unless this would violate rule two.

Grammar

Cases

The Kihā́mmic language has nine cases:

Nouns

Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter; two numbers: singular and plural; they are also declined according to case.

Masculine

Translation →	building		moon, Moon
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	hót	hotám	ốnô	ônámô
Accusative	hótā	hotámā	ốnā	ônámā
Genitive	hótī	hotámī	ốnī	ônámī
Ablative	hotá	hotamá	ôná	ônamá
Allative	hótô	hotámô	ốnō	ônámō
Instrumental	hótû	hotámû	ốnû	ônámû
Locative	hóte	hotáme	ốne	ônáme
Terminative	hótə	hotámə	ốnə	ônámə
Comparative	hótak	hotámak	ốnak	ônámak

Feminine

Translation →	star, Sun		wind
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kāžá	kāžamá	fáve	faváme
Accusative	kāžér	kāžámer	fáver	favámer
Genitive	kāžī́	kāžámī	fávī	favámī
Ablative	kāžā́	kāžamā́	favá	favamá
Allative	kāžố	kāžámô	fávô	favámô
Instrumental	kāžû́	kāžámû	fávû	favámû
Locative	kāžé	kāžáme	fávet	favámet
Terminative	kā́žə	kāžámə	fávə	favámə
Comparative	kāžák	kāžámak	fávak	favámak

Neuter

Translation →	eye		bone
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	čû́	čámû	tákī	takámī
Accusative	čû́	čámû	tákī	takámī
Genitive	čī́	čámī	tákīn	takámīn
Ablative	čá	čamá	taká	takamá
Allative	čố	čámô	tákô	takámô
Instrumental	čū́	čámū	tákû	takámû
Locative	čé	čáme	táke	takáme
Terminative	čə́	čámə	tákə	takámə
Comparative	čák	čámak	tákak	takámak

Diminutives and augmentatives

Diminutives add -ûn(á/û) unless the word ends in a vowel, in which case add -kûn(á/û).

Augmentatives add -at(á/û) but add -mat(á/û) when the word ends in a vowel.

Adjectives do not change according to diminutives or augmentatives.

Articles

Articles appear as both definite (i.e. "the") and indefinite (i.e. "a", "an" or "some") and are declined as nouns. They are used to specify the definiteness of something. They are colloquially dropped if definiteness is clear from context but normally kept in literary or more formal work.

Definite

The definite articles correspond to the English "the" and the French "le", "la", "l'" or "les".

Gender →	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lố	lámô	lá	lamá	lû́	lámû
Accusative	lā́	lámā	lér	lámer	lû́	lámû
Genitive	lī́	lámī	lī́	lámī	lī́	lámī
Ablative	lá	lamá	lā́	lámā	lá	lamá
Allative	lṓ	lámō	lố	lámô	lố	lámô
Instrumental	lû́	lámû	lû́	lámû	lū́	lámū
Locative	lé	láme	lé	láme	lé	láme
Terminative	lə́	lámə	lə́	lámə	lə́	lámə
Comparative	lák	lámak	lák	lámak	lák	lámak

Indefinite

The indefinite articles correspond to the English "a", "an" or "some" and the Portuguese "um", uma", "uns" or "umas". Note that indefinite pronouns drop the vowel in the pluralisation infix (except in the case of anám) used elsewhere.

Gender →	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	án	anám	aná	anmá	ánû	ánmû
Accusative	ánā	ánmā	áner	ánmer	ánû	ánmû
Genitive	ánī	ánmī	ánī	ánmī	ánī	ánmī
Ablative	aná	ánmá	ánā	ánmā	aná	anmá
Allative	ánô	ánmō	ánô	ánmô	ánô	ánmô
Instrumental	ánû	ánmû	ánû	ánmû	ánū	ánmū
Locative	áne	ánme	áne	ánme	áne	ánme
Terminative	ánə	ánmə	ánə	ánmə	ánə	ánmə
Comparative	ának	ánmak	ának	ánmak	ának	ánmak

Adjectives

In Kihā́mmic, an adjectives agrees with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case.

Type I

Type I adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -nômô. Note that the pluralisation infix -am- becomes -a- in all cases here due to the presence of n.

Translation →	red
Singular
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	vílnômô	vilnamá	vílnûmû
Accusative	vílnômā	vílnamā	vílnûmû
Genitive	vílnômī	vílnamī	vílnûmī
Ablative	vilnômá	vílnamā	vilnûmá
Allative	vílnômō	vílnamô	vílnûmô
Instrumental	vílnômû	vílnamû	vílnûmū
Locative	vílnôme	vílname	vílnûme
Terminative	vílnômə	vílnamə	vílnûmə
Comparative	vílnômak	vílnamak	vílnûmak
Plural
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	vilánômô	vilanamá	vilánûmû
Accusative	vilánômā	vilánamā	vilánûmû
Genitive	vilánômī	vilánamī	vilánûmī
Ablative	vilanômá	vilánamā	vilanûmá
Allative	vilánômō	vilánamô	vilánûmô
Instrumental	vilánômû	vilánamû	vilánûmū
Locative	vilánôme	viláname	vilánûme
Terminative	vilánômə	vilánamə	vilánûmə
Comparative	vilánômak	vilánamak	vilánûmak

Type II

Type II adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ôvan.

Translation →	high
Singular
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	látkôvan	latkavá	látkûvû
Accusative	látkôvanā	látkavā	látkûvû
Genitive	látkôvanī	látkavī	látkûvī
Ablative	latkôvaná	látkavā	látkûvá
Allative	látkôvanō	látkavô	látkûvô
Instrumental	látkôvanû	látkavû	látkûvū
Locative	látkôvane	látkave	látkûve
Terminative	látkôvanə	látkavə	látkûvə
Comparative	látkôvanak	látkavak	látkûvak
Plural
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	latkámôvan	latkamavá	latkámûvû
Accusative	latkámôvanā	latkámavā	latkámûvû
Genitive	latkámôvanī	latkámavī	latkámûvī
Ablative	latkamôvaná	latkámavā	latkámûvá
Allative	latkámôvanō	latkámavô	latkámûvô
Instrumental	latkámôvanû	latkámavû	latkámûvū
Locative	latkámôvane	latkámave	latkámûve
Terminative	latkámôvanə	latkámavə	latkámûvə
Comparative	latkámôvanak	latkámavak	latkámûvak

Type III

Type III adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -amô or -ômô (but not -nômô). Note that here rather than the usual infix -am- the vowels a and ô mutate to become ā and ō respectively, these infixes are stressed unless the last letter is a.

Translation →	distant
Singular
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	tṓrnamô	tōrnamá	tṓrnamû
Accusative	tṓrnamā	tṓrnamā	tṓrnamû
Genitive	tṓrnamī	tṓrnamī	tṓrnamī
Ablative	tōrnamá	tṓrnamā	tōrnamá
Allative	tṓrnamō	tṓrnamô	tṓrnamô
Instrumental	tṓrnamû	tṓrnamû	tṓrnamū
Locative	tṓrname	tṓrname	tṓrname
Terminative	tṓrnamə	tṓrnamə	tṓrnamə
Comparative	tṓrnamak	tṓrnamak	tṓrnamak
Plural
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	tōrnā́mô	tōrnāmá	tōrnā́mû
Accusative	tōrnā́mā	tōrnā́mā	tōrnā́mû
Genitive	tōrnā́mī	tōrnā́mī	tōrnā́mī
Ablative	tōrnāmá	tōrnā́mā	tōrnāmá
Allative	tōrnā́mō	tōrnā́mô	tōrnā́mô
Instrumental	tōrnā́mû	tōrnā́mû	tōrnā́mū
Locative	tōrnā́me	tōrnā́me	tōrnā́me
Terminative	tōrnā́mə	tōrnā́mə	tōrnā́mə
Comparative	tōrnā́mak	tōrnā́mak	tōrnā́mak

Type IV

Type IV adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -atī́zô.

Translation →	Kihā́mmic
Singular
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	kihāmatī́zô	kihāmatī́ze	kihāmatī́zī
Accusative	kihāmatī́zā	kihāmatī́zā	kihāmatī́zī
Genitive	kihāmatī́zī	kihāmatī́zī	kihāmatī́zīn
Ablative	kihāmatīzá	kihāmatī́zā	kihāmatīzá
Allative	kihāmatī́zō	kihāmatī́zô	kihāmatī́zô
Instrumental	kihāmatī́zû	kihāmatī́zû	kihāmatī́zû
Locative	kihāmatī́ze	kihāmatī́zet	kihāmatī́ze
Terminative	kihāmatī́zə	kihāmatī́zə	kihāmatī́zə
Comparative	kihāmatī́zak	kihāmatī́zak	kihāmatī́zak
Plural
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	kihāmámatīzô	kihāmámatīze	kihāmámatīzī
Accusative	kihāmámatīzā	kihāmámatīzā	kihāmámatīzī
Genitive	kihāmámatīzī	kihāmámatīzī	kihāmámatīzīn
Ablative	kihāmamatīzá	kihāmámatīzā	kihāmamatīzá
Allative	kihāmámatīzō	kihāmámatīzô	kihāmámatīzô
Instrumental	kihāmámatīzû	kihāmámatīzû	kihāmámatīzû
Locative	kihāmámatīze	kihāmámatīzet	kihāmámatīze
Terminative	kihāmámatīzə	kihāmámatīzə	kihāmámatīzə
Comparative	kihāmámatīzak	kihāmámatīzak	kihāmámatīzak

Type V

Type V adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ónsô.

Translation →	church
Singular
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	āčónsô	āčónse	āčónsī
Accusative	āčónsā	āčónsā	āčónsī
Genitive	āčónsī	āčónsī	āčónsīn
Ablative	āčonsá	āčónsā	āčonsá
Allative	āčónsō	āčónsô	āčónsô
Instrumental	āčónsû	āčónsû	āčónsû
Locative	āčónse	āčónset	āčónse
Terminative	āčónsə	āčónsə	āčónsə
Comparative	āčónsak	āčónsak	āčónsak
Plural
Case ↓	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	āčámonsô	āčámonse	āčámonsī
Accusative	āčámonsā	āčámonsā	āčámonsī
Genitive	āčámonsī	āčámonsī	āčámonsīn
Ablative	āčamonsá	āčámonsā	āčamonsá
Allative	āčámonsō	āčámonsô	āčámonsô
Instrumental	āčámonsû	āčámonsû	āčámonsû
Locative	āčámonse	āčámonset	āčámonse
Terminative	āčámonsə	āčámonsə	āčámonsə
Comparative	āčámonsak	āčámonsak	āčámonsak

Comparatives

More

To say phrases involving comparisons such as "The dog is bigger than the cat", the word "rū́namô" [more] precedes the adjective and the adjective is followed by "kā́" [than]. So the example sentence translates as:

"Lố gốt sói rū́namô ránômô kā́ lá kará"

N.B.: rū́namô declines appropriately as a type III adjective.

Less

To say phrases such as "The cat is smaller than the dog", the word "kónsô" [less] precedes the adjective which is also followed by "kā́". So the example given translates as:

"Lá kará séi kónse ránama kā́ lố gốt"

N.B.: kónsô declines as a type V adjective.

As... as

To say phrases such as "You are as short as me", the word "kán" [also] precedes the adjective which is also followed by "kā́". So the example given translates as:

"Dán sói kán dénômô kā́ ékô"

Superlatives

Most

To use superlatives, for example, "This dog is the biggest, the word "ródamô" [most] is placed before the adjective. Thus the sentence above translates as:

"Lố gốt sói lố ródamô ránômô"

N.B.: ródamô also declines as a type III adjective.

Least

To say superlative phrases such as "The cat is the smallest, the word "katrónsô" [least] is placed before the appropriate adjective. So the sentence above translates as:

"Lá kará séi lá katrónse ranômá"

N.B.: katrónsô declines as a type V adjective.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are declined just as noun, except for the fact that plural personal pronouns do not exactly resemble the pluralised version of the corresponding singular personal pronouns. The plural forms of the second and third person personal pronouns can be used as polite personal pronouns as well, just as in French "vous" can be the plural or polite form of "you" and as "Вы" can also do the same in Russian.

Masculine

Gender →	1st person		2nd person		3rd person
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ékô	əkámô	dán	tanám	šốn	žônámû
Accusative	ékā	əkámā	dánā	tanámā	šốnā	žônámā
Genitive	ékī	əkámī	dánī	tanámī	šốnī	žônámī
Ablative	eká	əkamá	daná	tanámá	šôná	žônamá
Allative	ékō	əkámō	dánô	tanámô	šốnô	žônámô
Instrumental	ékû	əkámû	dánû	tanámû	šốnû	žônámû
Locative	éke	əkáme	dáne	tanáme	šốne	žônáme
Terminative	ékə	əkámə	dánə	tanámə	šốnə	žônámə
Comparative	ékak	əkámak	danák	tanámak	šốnak	žônámak

Feminine

Gender →	1st person		2nd person		3rd person
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ā́ke	akáme	līmá	zīmamá	gāná	kānamá
Accusative	ā́ker	akámer	lī́mer	zīmámer	gā́ner	kānámer
Genitive	ā́kī	akámī	lī́mī	zīmámī	gā́nī	kānámī
Ablative	āká	akamá	lī́mā	zīmámā	gā́nā	kānámā
Allative	ā́kô	akámô	lī́mô	zīmámô	gā́nô	kānámô
Instrumental	ā́kû	akámû	lī́mû	zīmámû	gā́nû	kānámû
Locative	ā́ket	akámet	lī́me	zīmáme	gā́ne	kānáme
Terminative	ā́kə	akámə	lī́mə	zīmámə	gā́nə	kānámə
Comparative	ā́kak	akámak	lī́mák	zīmámak	gā́nak	kānámak

Neuter

Gender →	1st person		2nd person		3rd person
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	mámû	bû́	vámû	ītī́	ītámī
Accusative	-	mámā	bā́	vámā	ītā́	ītámā
Genitive	-	mámī	bī́	vámī	ītī́t	ītámīt
Ablative	-	mamá	bá	vamá	ītá	ītamá
Allative	-	mámô	bố	vámô	ītố	ītámô
Instrumental	-	mámū	bū́	vámū	ītû́	ītámû
Locative	-	máme	bé	váme	īté	ītáme
Terminative	-	mámə	bə́	vámə	ītə́	ītámə
Comparative	-	mámak	bák	vámak	īták	ītámak

The neuter second person singular is used in cases where either gender may apply and plural neuter pronouns are also used for mixed gender groups.

Reflexive

To form reflexive pronouns (i.e. myself/ourselves et cetera) the suffix -ná is added to singular pronouns and -nám added to plural pronouns. For example myself, masculine accusative, in Kihā́mmic is ekôná and ourselves, neuter instrumental, is mamūnám.

Possessives

Possessive adjectives are words such as the English "his", "our" or "their" or the French "mon", "ton" or "son". They behave exactly as normal type I adjectives, that is that they agree in case, number and gender with their counterpart noun.

Possessive adjectives
Singular
Gender ↓	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
Masculine	énômô	dánômô	šốnômô
Feminine	ā́nômô	lī́nômô	gā́nômô
Neuter	-	bnốmô	ī́tnômô
Plural
Gender ↓	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
Masculine	ənốmô	tánômô	žốnômô
Feminine	ánômô	zī́nômô	kā́nômô
Neuter	mnốmô	vnốmô	ī́tnômô

Possessive pronouns are words such as "mine", "yours" or "ours". They behave just as normal nouns would. They also agree in number and gender with the noun to which they refer (by adding "(am)á" for feminine and "(ám)û" for neuter).

Possessive pronouns
Singular
Gender ↓	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
Masculine	énôm	dánôm	šốnôm
Feminine	ā́nam	lī́nam	gā́nam
Neuter	-	bnû́m	ī́tnûm
Plural
Gender ↓	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
Masculine	ənốm	tánôm	žốnôm
Feminine	ánam	zī́nam	kā́nam
Neuter	mnû́m	vnû́m	ī́tnûm

Interrogative pronouns

Translation →	what		who		which (kind)
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kómû	komámû	kémû	kemámû	tómû	tomámû
Accusative	kómā	komámā	kémā	kemámā	tómā	tomámā
Genitive	kómī	komámī	kémī	kemámī	tómī	tomámī
Ablative	komá	komamá	kemá	kemamá	tomá	tomamá
Allative	kómô	komámô	kémô	kemámô	tómô	tomámô
Instrumental	kómū	komámū	kémū	kemámū	tómū	tomámū
Locative	kóme	komáme	kéme	kemáme	tóme	tomáme
Terminative	kómə	komámə	kémə	kemámə	tómə	tomámə
Comparative	kómak	komámak	kémak	kemámak	tómak	tomámak

The interrogative pronoun "kétômô" [which] declines as a normal type III adjective.

"Fáztamô" [how many] also declines as a normal type III adjective.

"Kénôm" [whose] declines just as a normal noun and agrees in number and gender with the object to which it refers (by adding "á" for feminine and "û" for neuter).

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns express relations between the main and dependent clauses of compound sentences.

There are three main relative pronouns in Kihā́mmic "zémû" [that], "kétômô" [which, who, that] and "kénôm" [whose]. "Zémû" is indeclinable but "kétômô" and "kénôm" are variable. Examples of the pronouns uses are given below.

"She said that she had forgiven him": "Gāná zakrazā́ zémû šôná ayanažā́"
"They said that she had forgiven him": "Kānamá zakrazā́m zémû gāná šôná ayanažā́"
"Give me the book that is on the table": "Eká stagaþố lû́ ázpī kétômû yón əbráke súi"
"Where is the book that we talked about yesterday?": "Umná súi lû́ ázpī krā́g kétômū haiốn əkámô trakázm?"
"Those are the men who I saw yesterday": "Etámôvan sóim lámô halámô kétṓmā haiốn ékô bedáž"
"He is the man whose wife worked with me": "Dán sói lố hálô kenômá kotá ékû təžazā́"

Note that after "zémû" if the subject of the verb remains the same, the personal pronoun is dropped. "Kétômô" agrees with the object to which it refers in gender and number but not in case as it can be used in conjunction with prepositions.

Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronoun "étômô" [this] declines as normal type III adjective.

"Étôvan" [that] declines as a normal type II adjective.

"Étnômô" [such, suchlike, such as] declines as a normal type I adjective.

All these pronouns agrees in number, gender and case with the noun(s) to which they refer.

Verbs

See also: Kihā́mmic verbs

Verbs are conjugated according to tense, number, gender and mood. There are three moods; indicative, conditional and imperative, unlike English or French there is no subjunctive mood.

Tenses and moods

Indicative mood

Kihā́mmic verbs have six tenses in the indicative mood:

Present (simple)
Past imperfect
Past perfect
Pluperfect
Future imperfect
Future perfect

The present indicative is used much as the present tense is in French or Spanish (and also as in English, see also continuous).

The past imperfect describes an action that occurred in the past and that may also still be going on. The past perfect describes an action in the past that has finished or was a momentary action, such as an explosion. The pluperfect is similar to the perfect but is used to convey actions that are more remote to the present than does the past perfect, it is often used in sequences of tenses in literary registers but is seldom used in spoken language.

The future imperfect is used to describe an action that will occur in the future but gives no clue as to whether this action will be completed. The future perfect describes an action that will be completed in the future, this also includes momentary actions.

Conditional mood

In the conditional mood Kihā́mmic verbs only have two tenses: present and past. The present conditional is used corresponds to the English use of "would" and the conditional past describes actions that would have happened in the past. It is also used in sequences of tense with the pluperfect.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used for commands, as is the imperative in English. It also fulfils a cohortative role, i.e. "Let's...".

First conjugation, -áþ

First conjugation verbs have the ending -áþ in the infinitive. For example garanáþ [to play] is conjugated as follows:

Conjugation of garanáþ (to play)
Participles	Present	garanámô	Past	garanázamô
Singular
Gender →		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Indicative	Present
	Simple	garanói	garanéi	garanúi
	Past
	Imperfect	garanáz	garanazā́	garanazū́
	Perfect	agaranáz	agaranazā́	agaranazū́
	Pluperfect	aiyagaranáz	aiyagaranazā́	aiyagaranazū́
	Future
	Imperfect	garantóp	garantopā́	garantopū́
	Perfect	agarantóp	agarantopā́	agarantopū́
Conditional	Present	bangaranói	bangaranéi	bangaranúi
Conditional	Past	banagaranáz	banagaranazā́	banagaranazū́
Imperative		garanaþố	garanaþá	garanaþû́
Plural
Gender →		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Indicative	Present
	Simple	garanóim	garanéim	garanúim
	Past
	Imperfect	garanázm	garanazā́m	garanazū́m
	Perfect	argaranázm	argaranazā́m	argaranazū́m
	Pluperfect	aiyargaranázm	aiyargaranazā́m	aiyargaranazū́m
	Future
	Imperfect	garantópm	garantopā́m	garantopū́m
	Perfect	argarantópm	argarantopā́m	argarantopū́m
Conditional	Present	bangaranóim	bangaranéim	bangaranúim
Conditional	Past	banargaranázm	banargaranazā́m	banargaranazū́m
Imperative		garanaþmố	garanaþmá	garanaþmû́

Second conjugation, -ū́t

Second conjugation verbs have the ending -ū́t in the infinitive. For example kasū́t [to drink] is conjugated as follows:

Conjugation of kasū́t (to drink)
Participles	Present	kasámô	Past	kasû́samô
Singular
Gender →		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Indicative	Present
	Simple	kasû́n	kasûnā́	kasûnī́
	Past
	Imperfect	kasû́s	kasûsā́	kasûsū́
	Perfect	akasû́s	akasûsā́	akasûsū́
	Pluperfect	aiyakasû́s	aiyakasûsā́	aiyakasûsū́
	Future
	Imperfect	kasrót	kasrotā́	kasrotū́
	Perfect	akasrót	akasrotā́	akasrotū́
Conditional	Present	bankasû́n	bankasûnā́	bankasûnī́
Conditional	Past	banakasû́s	banakasûsā́	banakasûsū́
Imperative		kasūtố	kasūtá	kasūtû́
Plural
Gender →		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Indicative	Present
	Simple	kasû́nm	kasûnā́n	kasûnī́n
	Past
	Imperfect	kasû́sn	kasûsā́n	kasûsū́n
	Perfect	arkasû́sn	arkasûsā́n	arkasûsū́n
	Pluperfect	aiyarkasû́sn	aiyarkasûsā́n	aiyarkasûsū́n
	Future
	Imperfect	kasrótn	kasrotā́n	kasrotū́n
	Perfect	arkasrótn	arkasrotā́n	arkasrotū́n
Conditional	Present	bankasû́nm	bankasûnā́n	bankasûnī́n
Conditional	Past	banarkasû́sn	banarkasûsā́n	banarkasûsū́n
Imperative		kasūtnố	kasūtná	kasūtnû́

Third conjugation, -óš

Third conjugation verbs have the ending -óš in the infinitive. For example fûrnóš [to stand (up)] is conjugated as follows:

Conjugation of fûrnóš (to stand)
Participles	Present	fûrnámô	Past	fûrnážamô
Singular
Gender →		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Indicative	Present
	Simple	fûrnố	fûrná	fûrnû́
	Past
	Imperfect	fûrnáž	fûrnažā́	fûrnažū́
	Perfect	afûrnáž	afûrnažā́	afûrnažū́
	Pluperfect	aiyafûrnáž	aiyafûrnažā́	aiyafûrnažū́
	Future
	Imperfect	fûrnót	fûrnotā́	fûrnotū́
	Perfect	afûrnót	afûrnotā́	afûrnotū́
Conditional	Present	banfûrnố	banfûrná	banfûrnû́
Conditional	Past	banafûrnáž	banafûrnažā́	banafûrnažū́
Imperative		fûrnošố	fûrnošá	fûrnošû́
Plural
Gender →		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Indicative	Present
	Simple	fûrnốm	fûrnám	fûrnû́m
	Past
	Imperfect	fûrnážm	fûrnažā́m	fûrnažū́m
	Perfect	arfûrnážm	arfûrnažā́m	arfûrnažū́m
	Pluperfect	aiyarfûrnážm	aiyarfûrnažā́m	aiyarfûrnažū́m
	Future
	Imperfect	fûrnótm	fûrnotā́m	fûrnotū́m
	Perfect	arfûrnótm	arfûrnotā́m	arfûrnotū́m
Conditional	Present	banfûrnốm	banfûrnám	banfûrnû́m
Conditional	Past	banarfûrnážm	banarfûrnažā́m	banarfûrnažū́m
Imperative		fûrnošmố	fûrnošmá	fûrnošmû́

Voices

There are three voices in Kihā́mmic, the active, the dynamic passive and the static passive.

Active voice

The active voice is unmarked in Kihā́mmic.

Dynamic passive voice

Kihā́mmic has two passive voices, the first of which is the dynamic passive. It is formed by placing the particle pṓl before the appropriate verb. For example:

"I burn": Ékô rātố

"I am burnt": Ékô pṓl rātố

"I have burnt": Ékô arātáž

"I have been burnt": Ékô pṓl arātáž

"I will burn": Ékô fûrnót

"I will be burnt": Ékô pṓl fûrnót

The dynamic passive is used in phrases such as "I am burnt every time I go in the sun", more commonly expressed in modern English as "I get burnt every time I go in the sun".

Static passive voice

The second passive is the static passive. It is constructed just as the passive voice in English and French – by using the appropriate tense of "to be" followed by the past participle of the verb that is to be in the passive. E.g.:

"I am burnt": Ékô sói rātážamô

"I have been burnt": Ékô atáz rātážamô

"I will be burnt": Ékô tróp rātážamô

Continuous

Although Kihā́mmic has no aspects per se, there is a continuous particle that indicates that the verb has a continuous "aspect". The particle "aklá" is placed before the verb, for example:

"I play": Ékô garanói

"I am playing": Ékô aklá garanói

"I have played": Ékô agaranáz

"I have been playing": Ékô aklá agaranáz

"I will play": Ékô garantóp

"I will be playing": Ékô aklá garantóp

This continuous particle is normally reserved for more formal usage, such as novels.

Gnomic

The gnomic form of a verb conveys a generic sort of aspect (e.g. "birds fly", "to err is human") is made by simply removing the infinitive ending. When the stressed infinitive ending is removed the stress moves to the final syllable. Thus "yanóš" [to forgive] becomes "yán"; e.g. "Yán, súi dā́žamû" - "To forgive is divine". The gnomic form is invariable.

Reflexives

Reflexive verbs are produced the same way as reflexive pronouns, i.e. the suffix -ná is added to the end of a conjugated verb in the singular pronouns and -nám in the plural. After certain consonant clusters -əná and -ənám are added.

Polarity

Verbs are negated by bán [not] accompanying the verb, normally proceeding it in order to avoid confusion with the conditional mood. For example, "ékô lóbō bán kasū́t vī́nā'' [I don't like to drink wine].

Verbs may be strongly affirmed in the same way, but using kī́ [yes] instead. For example, "ôyán Kû́bé ékô vṓz kī́" [I did indeed go to Cuba].

Irregular verbs

There are only eleven irregular verbs in Kihā́mmic, they are:

sád : to be
ímat: to have
venád: to go
libád: to like
hotád: to want
mégač: to be able
snarát: to know [something]
námač: to have to [moral obligation]
koslát: to need [urgent need]
akáfad: to kill
šônát: to run

Adverbs

Adverbs are formed by replacing the adjective in question's ending with a corresponding adverbial ending.

Type I adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -nômô. This ending is replaced by the adverbial ending -nō.
Type II adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ôvan. This is replaced by -ôvā.
Type III adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -amô or -ômô (but not -nômô). These are replaced by -ā and -ō respectively.
Type IV adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -atī́zô, which is replaced by -átzō.
Type V adjectives have the standard singular masculine ending -ónsô, which is replaced by -ónō.

Word order

Kihā́mmic has the basic word order object-subject-verb or subject-verb-object in transitive clauses, but has a freer word order in intransitive clauses. However, word order can also be rather varied in transitive clauses. For example, the intransitive phrase "ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô ékô džố" [I went into the big building] is shown in its default word order (OSV, i.e. [into the big building I went]. This sentence can also be arranged in twelve different ways, whilst still remaining grammatically correct:

Ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô ékô džố. (neutral)
Ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô ékô džố. (focus on hótô)
Ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô džố ékô. (focus on ékô)
Ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô džố ékô. (focus on ékô and hótô)
Ékô džố ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô. (focus on ékô)
Ékô džố ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô. (focus on ékô and ránômô)
Ékô ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô džố. (focus on ékô and džố)
Ékô ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô džố. (focus on ékô, džố and hótô)
Džố ékô ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô. (focus on džố)
Džố ékô ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô. (focus on džố and hótô)
Džố ôyû́n lố ránômô hótô ékô. (focus on džố and ékô)
Džố ôyû́n lố hótô ránômô ékô. (focus on džố, ékô and hótô)

Though word order is variable prepositions are tied to the compliment as adjectives are tied to theirs, however adjectives may be placed before or after the corresponding nouns. Articles are also somewhat restricted; they must always precede the corresponding noun in the phrase, but, depending on the order of other words applying to the noun, may not be directly next to it. The word order varies the focus of the sentence, the primary focus being initial and secondary focus being final.

An example of the standard order of a transitive sentence is shown below:

"Joseph^NOM gave Mary's^GEN book^ACC, which he'd read half^ACC of at school^PREP from Monday^ABL to Thursday^TERM, to Stephen^ALL across the table^INST, which was a brownish colour^COMP."

"Yôfán^NOM stagáz Mā́rī^GEN azpīá^ACC, kétômī šốn aiyahazbáz gûlá^ACC yán əkghále^PREP nán zûklá^ABL yû́nə kû́rklə ^TERM, ôyán Īzvánô^ALL ûkrā́ əbrákû^INST, kétômô táz ának dorák kófnômak^COMP."

Numerals

Cardinal

Cardinal numbers are used to denote quantity, they are counting numbers. Cardinals are treated as nouns and decline as such.

N.B.:

After articles the noun is in the nominative case.
After zero the genitive plural is used.
The genitive singular is used between one and nine.
From ten onwards the genitive plural is used again.

E.g.:

án knát (a nation)
anám knatám (some nations)
ikhá knatámī (zero nations)
zún knátī (one nation)
vín knátī (nine nations)
ezá knatámī (ten nations)
khû́l knatámī (a/one hundred nations)

Cardinal numbers
Number	Kihā́mmic
0	ikhá
1	zún
2	dočá
3	tṓk
4	kûrá
5	préik
6	šôná
7	zén
8	kitá
9	vín
10	ezá
11	ezazún
12	ezadočá
18	ezakitá
20	dočezá
21	dočezazún
22	dočezadočá
30	tōkezá
40	kûrezá
50	preikezá
60	šônezá
70	zenezá
80	kitezá
90	vinezá
100	khû́l
101	khûlzún
110	khûlezá
111	khûlezazún
200	dočákhû́l
300	tṓkhûl
400	kûrákhûl
500	préikhûl
600	šônákhûl
700	zénkhûl
800	kitákhûl
900	vínkhûl
1,000	talá
1,001	talazún
1,010	talezá
1,011	talezazún
1,100	talákhûl
1,101	talakhûlzún
1,110	talakhûlezá
1,111	talakhûlezazún
2,000	dočatalá
3,000	tōktalá
10,000	ezatalá
20,000	dočezatalá
30,000	tōkezatalá
100,000	khûltalá
1,000,000	niklón
1,000,000,000	sátron
1,000,000,000,000	yitā́rən
∞	čégkhat

Ordinal

Ordinal numbers expresses the relative position of an item in an ordered sequence. They are used adjectives and decline accordingly. All are type III adjectives with the exception of hundredth, which is type I.

In Kihā́mmic Latin ordinals are abbreviated by following the number with the case ending in super-script, however the pluralisation infix is ignored:

Nominative singular: Lố 1^ô yégan (The first king)
Nominative plural: Lámô 1^ô yeganám (The first kings)
Accusative singular: Lôá 1^ôá yeganá
Genitive singular: Lī́ 1^ī yéganī
Ablative singular: Lá 1^á yeganá
Allative singular: Lố 1^ô yéganô
Instrumental singular: Lû́ 1^û yéganû
Locative singular: Lé 1^e yégane
Terminative singular: Lə́ 1^ə yéganə
Comparative singular: Lák 1^ak yéganak

Ordinal numbers
Number	Kihā́mmic
1^st	zúnamô
2^nd	dočámô
3^rd	tṓkamô
4^th	kûrámô
5^th	préikamô
6^th	šônámô
7^th	zénamô
8^th	kitámô
9^th	vínamô
10^th	ezámô
11^th	ezazúnamô
12^th	ezadočámô
20^th	dočezámô
100^th	khû́lnômô
1,000^th	talámô
10,000^th	ezatalámô
100,000^th	khûltalámô
1,000,000^th	niklónamô
1,000,000,000^th	sátronamô
1,000,000,000,000^th	yitā́rənamô
n^th	čégkhamô

Adverbial

Adverbial numbers are used to show the repetition of a certain event or to expresses a countable number of times. Since they are (type III) adverbs they do not decline.

Adverbial numbers
Number	Kihā́mmic
never	ikhā́
once	zúnā
twice	dočā́
thrice	tṓkā
four times	kûrā́
five times	préikā
six times	šôná ōkûlám
infinitely	čégkhā

Multiplier

A multiplier number indicates the number of times something is to be multiplied. As with ordinal numbers, multiplier numbers are used adjectives and decline accordingly. They are all type II adjectives

Multiplier numbers
Number	Kihā́mmic
single	zúnôvan
double	dočákôvan
treble	tṓkôvan
quadruple	kûrákôvan
quintuple	préikôvan
sextuple	šônákôvan
septuple	zénôvan

Distributive

A distributive number is an adverb that answers "how many times each?" or "how many at a time?".

Distributive numbers
Number	Kihā́mmic
singly	zúnôvā
doubly	dočákôvā
trebly	tṓkôvā
quadruply	kûrákôvā
quintuply	préikôvā
sextuply	šônákôvā
septuply	zénôvā

Collective

Collective numerals are used to emphasise the cohesiveness of a group, cf. English "a quartet of musicians" vs "four musicians". Collective numerals only exist for the numbers two to nine. The collective forms of five to nine are rarely used.

All collective numerals require the genitive plural.

Collective numbers
Number	Kihā́mmic
duo	dočkû́n
trio	tṓkûn
quartet	kûrkû́n
quintet	préikûn
sextet	šônkû́n
septet	zénkûn
octet	kitkû́n
nonet	vínkûn

Fractional

Fractional numbers (such as a third, a quarter and a fifth) are formed simply by preceding the numerator as a cardinal number followed by the denominator as an ordinal number in the plural. For example "two fifths" translates as "dočá preikámamô". The only exception to this rule is "half" which is "gû́l" (or the more literary "gát").

Ages

In Kihā́mmic ages are expressed by putting the appropriate pronoun in the allative case, following this by the number of years, as well as "û́tû" [year] (declined appropriately). This is preceded by "sád" [to be] conjugated according to tense and number. For example:

I am 18 years old: Ékōsúim 18 ûtámī

She was 22 years old: Gā́nô tazū́m 22 ûtámī

Months of the year

Months of the year
Number	Kihā́mmic
month	ônốklûge
year	û́tû
January	kāžánôk
February	žáûnôk
March	rīnánôk
April	fûigánôk
May	ázknôk
June	mádnôk
July	ódnôk
August	Þélknôk
September	bátnôk
October	átəlnôk
November	īfánôk
December	fávenôk

To say in a certain month the preposition "yû́n" (followed by the locative case) comes before the month. For example, "in January" translates as "yû́n kāžánôke".

Days of the week

Days of the week
Number	Kihā́mmic
day	klûré
week	klūgé
Monday	zû́klû
Tuesday	dóčklû
Wednesday	tṓklû
Thursday	kû́rklû
Friday	préiklû
Saturday	šốnklû
Sunday	zénklû

To say on a particular day the preposition "yû́n" (followed by the locative case) comes before the day. For example, "on Monday" translates as "yû́n zû́kle".

Dates

"What date is it?"

To simply say what the date is, i.e. to answer the question "What date is it?", the appropriate ordinal number in the nominative is placed before the month in the genitive case. If desired the year is then placed afterwards, which is simply a cardinal number, also in the genitive case. A few examples are given below:

What date is it?: Tómû súi lû́ zóklû?

9^th December 2010: Lố vínamô fávenôkī dočatalezī́ (Lố 9^ô fávenôkī 2010)
11^th January 1957: Lố ezazúnamô kāžánôkī talavinkhûlpreikezazén (Lố 11^ô kāžánôkī 1957)
27^th August 1883: Lố dočezazénamô Þélknôk talakitkhûlkitezatṓk (Lố 27^ô Þélknôkī 1883)

"When?"

To say "on" a date, that is to answer the question "When?" or "On what date?", the preposition "yû́n" is followed by the desired date in the locative case (that is only the article and ordinal number). See the examples below:

On what date?: Yû́n tóme zókle?

On 9^th December 2010: Yû́n lé víname fávenôkī dočatalezī́ (Yû́n lé 9^e fávenôkī 2010)
On 11^th January 1957: Yû́n lé ezazúname kāžánôkī talavinkhûlpreikezazén (Yû́n lé 11^e kāžánôkī 1957)
On 27^th August 1883: Yû́n lé dočezazéname Þélknôk talakitkhûlkitezatṓk (Yû́n lé 27^e Þélknôkī 1883)

Times

"What time is it?"

To give the time, answering the question "What time is it?", the number of hours is followed by "é" [and] and the number of minutes. The twenty-four hour clock is always used. The words "ôlá" [hour] and "bə́ts" [minute] following the appropriate numbers are optional. Some examples are shown below:

What time is it?: Tómû sói lố džā́z?

One o'clock (01:00): Zún ôlá (1ô)
Seven o'clock (07:00): Zén ôlī́ (7ô)
Ten o'clock (10:00): Ezá ôlámī (10ô)
Half past two (14:30): Ezakûrá ôlámī é tōkezá bətsámī (14ô30b)
Quarter to four (15:45): Ezapréik ôlámī é kûrezapréik bətsámī (15ô45b)
Twenty-three minutes to eight (19:37): Ezavín ôlámī é tōkezazén bətsámī (19ô37b)

"Táin" [second] may also be added when desired, in this case rather than using "é" in the first instance "ī́" is used, as in all lists (this is in fact the equivalent of English using a comma in a list).

"When?"

To answer the question "When?" or "What time?" the preposition "yán" is followed by the cardinal numbers in the locative case. See below for examples:

What time?: Yán tóme džā́ze?

At ten o'clock (At 10:00): Yán ezé ôlámī (Yán 10ô)
At half past two (At 14:30): Yán ezakûré ôlámī é tōkezé bətsámī (Yán 14ô30b)
At twenty-three minutes to eight (At 19:37): Yán ezavíne ôlámī é tōkezazéne bətsámī (Yán 19ô37b)

Seasons

Traditional

Traditional seasons
Number	Kihā́mmic
spring	betkán
summer	kāžkán
autumn	atəlkán
winter	hānkán
in spring	yû́n betkáne
in summer	yû́n kāžkáne
in autumn	yû́n atəlkáne
in winter	yû́n hānkáne

Kihā́mmic

Due to the climate in Kihāmát, there are effectively only two seasons, the hot and wet season and the cold and dry season.

Kihā́mmic seasons
Number	Kihā́mmic
Kihā́mmic hot season	kāžnká
Kihā́mmic cold season	odnká
in the Kihā́mmic hot season	yû́n kāžnké
in the Kihā́mmic cold season	yû́n odnké

N.B.: The terms "kāžnká" and "odnká" are usually Anglicised as "Kazhenka" and "Odenka" respectively (pronounced [ˈkɑːʒəŋkə] and [ˈɒdəŋkə]).

Names

In Kihā́mmic and Panlaffic culture people's names are constructed quite differently from most other forms of naming. There are four parts to a name: two personal names and a "family" name made up of a patronymic and a matronymic.

Personal names conform to normal case requirements. Since patronymics and matronymics are all ready in the genitive case so a hyphen is added then the appropriate case ending is added. The patronymic and matronymic are joined together with a hyphen. Today there is a mixture of names that come from Old Kihā́mmic and as well as adapted newer names from Europe. When foreign names are used in Kihā́mmic the names are either translated if there is an equivalent in Kihā́mmic or simply transliterated. An example name is that of Kihāmát's current Premier:

Īzván Rátkan Yôfánī-Mā́rī

[iːzˈvan ˈɹatkan joˈfaniːˈmɑːɾiː]

This name translates as:

Īzván Rátkan, son of Yôfán, son of Mā́re

For an example of an older pre-European names such as that of the former royal families, who also had a surname, which was the name of the royal house to which they belonged. For example the last King of Kihāmát was named:

Yégan Gázāron Úktef Pátûnī-Kélþī Lanəkámī

[ˈjegan ˈgazɑːɾɒn ˈʊktɛf ˈpatuniː ˈkɛɫðiː lanəˈkamiː]

King Gázāron Úktef, son of Pátûn, son of Kelþá, House of Lánəkû

Vocabulary

Colours

Colours
English	Kihā́mmic
red	vílnômô
orange	čúknômô
yellow	góitamô
green	bétnômô
blue	hā́štômô
purple	líbôvan
black	nīnónsô
white	ánômô
grey	ánīnômô
silver	ášnômô
gold	Þélkamô
brown	kófnômô
pink	zéknômô

Colour chart

Colour spectrum

Conjunctions

Conjunctions
English	Kihā́mmic
after	kīnā́
albeit	šasúi
although, though	šā́
and	é
as	yā́
as a result, consequently	étrak
as if	dák
as soon as	þátak
as though	šák
as well as	éyak
because (of), due to	paškomá
before	tā́
but	kón
either… or…	íkrak … ī́k…
except	mī́
how	fáz
however	yokōrá
if	dái
in order	étkā
lest, else	náskā
let alone	bā́ ontā́
like	fázak
neither… nor…	báikrak… bā́…
now	tapyā́
once	sának
or	ī́k
provided that	sakû́s kā́
rather than	mīná kā́
since, for	pafázak
so	étrā
than	kā́
that	zémû
unless	mī́ dái
until	yûnā́
when	sanā́
whence, (from) where	nanumná
where	umná
whereas	umtrā́
whether… or…	dakā́… ī́k…
whilst, while, as long as	ətanā́
whither, (to) where	ônumná
yet	kóntrā

Contionary

Kihā́mmic:

nouns
verbs

Kinship

Kinship
English	Kihā́mmic
family	éhalge
parent	rastrónt
child	zū́zû
father	dárat
mother	mabá
brother	hančók
sister	anšká
son	múskô
daughter	beká
husband	mû́k
wife	kotá
grand-father	dômárat
grand-mother	dômabá
grand-son	dômúskô
grand-daughter	dômeká
cousin (m)	kəšrố
cousin (f)	kəšrá
uncle	čáčô
aunt	džûdá
nephew	brál
niece	bralá
step-father	nádrat
step-mother	nambá
step-son	námskô
step-daughter	namká
twin (m)	tákûp
twin (f)	tákûpe

Points of the compass

Points of the compass
English	Kihā́mmic
north	upán
east	rūþán
south	nonán
west	fnán
north-east	uparūþán
south-east	nonarūþán
south-west	nonafnán
noth-west	upafnán

Swadesh list

No.	English	Kihā́mmic
0	Kihā́mmic	kihāmatī́zô tárak
1	I	ékô
2	you (singular)	dán
3	he	šốn
4	we	əkámô
5	you (plural)	tanám
6	they	žônám
7	this	étômô
8	that	étôvan
9	here	imná
10	there	omná
11	who	kémû
12	what	kómû
13	where	umná
14	when	sanā́
15	how	fáz
16	not	bán
17	all	tôván
18	many	stág
19	some	anám
20	few	ədás
21	other	kátrômô
22	one	zún
23	two	dočá
24	three	tṓk
25	four	kûrá
26	five	préik
27	big	ránômô
28	long	laā́mômô
29	wide	kāpónsô
30	thick	angkhámô
31	heavy	þúdômô
32	small	málnômô
33	short	dénômô
34	narrow	žā́rôvan
35	thin	doámô
36	woman	evmá
37	man (adult male)	hálô
38	human being	éhalû
39	child	zū́zû
40	wife	kotá
41	husband	mû́k
42	mother	mabá
43	father	dárat
44	animal	aták
45	fish	rīná
46	bird	īfá
47	dog	gốt
48	louse	lūgá
49	snake	zébô
50	worm	čabá
51	tree	ečá
52	forest	íztāk
53	stick	klé
54	fruit	fûigá
55	seed	bót
56	leaf	átəl
57	root	yát
58	bark	klû́d
59	flower	šūriá
60	grass	lafá
61	rope	táp
62	skin	béld
63	meat	fandé
64	blood	zánk
65	bone	takī́
66	fat	lúp
67	egg	yék
68	horn	gā́b
69	tail	gká
70	feather	vōpá
71	hair	záv
72	head	kápt
73	ear	orán
74	eye	čû́
75	nose	nūšá
76	mouth	otá
77	tooth	nánû
78	tongue	tárûk
79	fingernail	ongá
80	foot	pádû
81	leg	džánû
82	knee	épon
83	hand	mánt
84	wing	vólt
85	belly	dū́m
86	guts	okrənám
87	neck	kûl
88	back	dozá
89	breast	sénse
90	heart	gərá
91	liver	yûnī́
92	drink	kasū́t
93	eat	karóš
94	bite	gašū́t
95	suck
96	spit
97	vomit
98	blow
99	breathe
100	laugh
101	see	bedóš
102	hear
103	know	snarát
104	think	pridumstáþ
105	smell
106	fear
107	sleep
108	live	vežáþ
109	die
110	kill	akáfad
111	fight
112	hunt
113	hit
114	cut
115	split
116	stab
117	scratch
118	dig
119	swim
120	fly
121	walk
122	come
123	lie
124	sit
125	stand	fûrnóš
126	turn	pahebnóš
127	fall
128	give
129	hold
130	squeeze
131	rub
132	wash
133	wipe
134	pull
135	push
136	throw
137	tie
138	sew
139	count
140	say	zakráþ
141	sing	aináþ
142	play	garanáþ
143	float
144	flow
145	freeze
146	swell
147	sun	kāžá
148	moon	ốnô
149	star	kāžá
150	water	ográ
151	rain	žáû
152	river	paná
153	lake	klôná
154	sea	zûná
155	salt	sintá
156	stone	dól
157	sand	zā́þ
158	dust	úþ
159	earth	ûþál
160	cloud	flû́v
161	fog	ód
162	sky	hā́n
163	wind	fáve
164	snow	gáš
165	ice	glós
166	smoke	rū́n
167	fire	rā́t
168	ash	uþrá
169	burn	rātóš
170	road	lā́g
171	mountain	klāvá
172	red	vílnômô
173	green	bétnômô
174	yellow	žólnômô
175	white	álnômô
176	black	nī́nômô
177	night	mád
178	day	klûré
179	year	û́tû
180	warm	káþômô
181	cold	hānômô
182	full	patī́zô
183	new	námô
184	old	dốmô
185	good	batī́zô
186	bad	ítôvan
187	rotten	pûtázamô
188	dirty	sélnômô
189	straight	lánômô
190	round	sônatī́zô
191	sharp	zápôvan
192	dull	þrənámô
193	smooth	zū́þômô
194	wet	ókramô
195	dry	ázkôvan
196	correct	ranatī́zô
197	near	klūsā́
198	far	dálžā
199	right	polá
200	left	nalá
201	at	yán
202	in	yû́n
203	with	sū́
204	and	é
205	if	dái
206	because	paškomá
207	name	tīdá

Weather phrases

Weather phrases
English	Kihā́mmic
What's the weather like?	Fáz sói lố žák?
It's warm	Ītī́ súi káþômô
... cold	... hā́nômô
... fine	... batī́zô
... bad	... ítôvan
... windy	... fávenômô
... sunny	... kāžámô
... foggy	... ódamô
... cloudy	... flû́vômô
... stormy	... džátstamô
... raining	Lû́ žáû (aklá) parlûsū́; Ītī́ žaûnúi
... snowing	Lố gáš (aklá) parlû́s; Ītī́ gašúi

Featured banner

Though this language has not yet been voted as a featured conlang, I hope that one day it will be and so have provided a translation of the featured banner here.

Kihā́mmic:

Étômô tárak kraglošáz zúnā.

Šốn atáz spratážamô sád kraglošázamô sûčā́ šốnûmī batī́stûnī kālóī, kaiþástûnī é izbanûnámī méčstûnī.

Gloss:

This language was featured [lit: "made important"] once.

It has been chosen [or "voted"] to be featured because of [or "thanks to"] its level of quality [lit: "goodness"], plausibility [lit: "truthfulness"] and useful ability [lit: "ableness"].

English:

This language was once featured.

This language has been voted as featured thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities.

External links

Panlaffic languages
Kihā́mmic branch	Church Kihā́mmic • Kihā́mmic
Gánəmannic branch	Gánəmannic • Kétassic • Kyánnic • Lôppic • Lower Fnórric • Upper Fnórric
Engtáffic branch	Angáttic • Engtáffic • Pōllic
Other	Panlaffic alphabet • Panlaffic cases

Kihā́mmic language
Orthography	Panlaffic alphabet
Phonology	IPA for Kihā́mmic • Phonology
Grammar	Adjectives • Adverbs • Articles • Nouns • Verbs • Word order
Vocabulary	Basic phrases • Conjunctions • Colours • Countries • Days • Dictionary entries • Idioms • Kinship • Months • Points of the compass • Prepositions • Seasons • Swadesh list • Weather
Numerals	Adverbial • Cardinal • Collective • Distributive • Fractional • Multiplier • Ordinal
Example texts	The Lord's Prayer • The North Wind and the Sun • The Tower of Babel • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Other	Kihāmát • Kihā́mmic Institute of Language and Linguistics • Panlaffic languages