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{{TOC right}}
{{privatelang}}
<big><big>'''''Rjargi is being rebuilt'''''</big></big>
{{Infobox language
== Phonology ==
|image=Riagi.png
=== Consonants ===
|imagesize=250px
=== Vowels ===
|name=Riagi
=== Phonotactics ===
|nativename=Rīagi
==== Syllables ====
|pronunciation=ˈɾiːaɰi
There are three different syllable weights on Rjargi
|speakers=?
===== Heavy Syllable =====
|date=2014
|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|scripts= * [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
* [[Riagi#Writing system|Native]]
|clcr=qrr
|notice=IPA
|creator = User:MIGUELbM
}}
==Introduction==
'''Riagi''' is an a priori constructed language designed to be the mother-tongue and language-of-the-gods in the constructed fantasy world of Aokae. The language is widely used throughout the world in rituals and scriptures and to communicate with powerful spirits and gods. Even though it has no native speakers, it is believed to have been the first language to be spoken and most languages in the world are derived either directly or indirectly from it.


===== Medium Syllable =====
Its phonology is inspired by the descriptions of the Eloi language given in the book of The Time Machine and by Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian, likewise, the script it uses is vaguely derived from the Rongorongo inscription found in Easter Island and by Javanese and its parent Old Kawi.
===== Light Syllable =====
 
=== Sample words ===
Its grammar is not directly derived from any one language, instead is a mix of grammatical features meant to give it a unique feel. It’s a language focused on the reasons behind actions and their context rather than in actions themselves.
 
==Phonology==
Even though Riagi does not have a large amount of different sounds, it compensates for it by distinguishing between long and short vowels and long and short stops changing the amount of phonemes from 13 consonants and 5 vowels to 16 consonants and 10 vowels.
 
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!  style="width: 100px;" |
!  style="width: 100px;" | '''Labial'''
!  style="width: 100px;" | '''Alveolar'''
!  style="width: 100px;" | '''Palatal'''
!  style="width: 100px;" | '''Velar'''
!  style="width: 100px;" | '''Glottal'''
|-
! '''Nasal'''
| /m/
| /n/
| -
| /ŋ/
| -
|-
! '''Stop'''
| /p pː/
| /t tː/
| -
| /k kː/
| /ʔ/
|-
! '''Fricative'''
| colspan="2" | /f/ ~ /ʃ/
| -
| -
| -
|-
! '''Approximant'''
| colspan="2" | /β/ ~ /ð/
| /j/
| /ɰ/
| /h/
|-
! '''Flap'''
| -
| /ɾ/
| -
| -
| -
|}
Riagi has a wide range of free variation, the labio-alveolar voiceless fricative, being the only fricative in the inventory, has free variation between [ɸ], [f], [θ], [s] and [ʃ]. Similarly, the labio-alveolar voiced approximant has free variation between [β], [ʋ] and [ð]. And because Riagi has no voiced fricatives of any sort, all voiced approximants can be 'correctly' pronounced as their voiced fricatives equivalents.
 
==== ''Gemination'' ====
 
Phonemic gemination is only found in Riagi in the voiceless stops /p/, /t/ and /k/.
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | '''Front'''
! style="width: 100px;" | '''Back'''
|-
! '''Close'''
| /i iː/
| /u uː/
|-
! '''Close-mid'''
| /e eː/
| /o oː/
|-
! '''Open'''
| /a aː/
| -
|}
====''Long vowels''====
Unlike consonants, vowel elongation is found in all vowels
 
====''Diphthongs''====
Short diphthongs are formed by a central or back vowel followed by an equal or closer vowel: /ae/, /ao/, /ai/, /au/, /oe/, /oi/, /ou/, /ui/
 
Long diphthongs are formed by a long vowel followed by /a/: /eːa/, /oːa/, /iːa/, /uːa/
 
===Phonotactics===
The syllable structure in Riagi is quite simple, it consists of an optional onset consonant followed by a vowel or diphthong, or (C)V(V).
 
===Stress===
Riagi has a predictable stress that falls on the penultimate syllable, irregular words (often loanwords) have their stressed syllable marked by an acute diacritic on the last vowel.
 
=== Romanization ===
The following romanization is going to be used throughout the article
* /m/ → {{angbr|m}}
* /n/ → {{angbr|n}}
* /ŋ/ → {{angbr|ng}}
* /p/ → {{angbr|p}}
* /pː/ → {{angbr|pp}}
* /t/ → {{angbr|t}}
* /tː/ → {{angbr|tt}}
* /k/ → {{angbr|k}}
* /kː/ → {{angbr|kk}}
* /ʔ/ → {{angbr| ' }}
* /f/ ~ /ʃ/ → {{angbr|s}}
* /β/ ~ /ð/ → {{angbr|v}}
* /j/ → {{angbr|j}}
* /ɰ/ → {{angbr|g}}
* /h/ → {{angbr|h}}
* /r/ → {{angbr|r}}
* /a/ → {{angbr|a}}
* /aː/ → {{angbr|ä, ā}}
* /e/ → {{angbr|e}}
* /eː/ → {{angbr|ë, ē}}
* /i/ → {{angbr|i}}
* /iː/ → {{angbr|ï, ī}}
* /o/ → {{angbr|o}}
* /oː/ → {{angbr|ö, ō}}
* /u/ → {{angbr|u}}
* /uː/ → {{angbr|ü, ū}}


==Morphophonology==
==Allophony==
==Syntax==
===Word Order===
====Noun Phrase====
====Verb Phrase====
====Adposition Phrase====
====Adjective Phrase====
====Adverb Phrase====
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Riagi is a predominantly agglutinative language with a fair share of fusion.
 
Glossing abbreviations are found next to their respective terms and within parenthesis. Morphemes not found in tables are in bold text.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
==== Pronouns ====
The affix positions are the following: <tt>NOUN.case.obviative.number</tt>
==== ''Cases'' ====
* Nominative ({{smallcaps|nom}}) '''Ø'''
*: Marks the agent, the entity which performs the action
* Absolutive ({{smallcaps|abs}}) '''-o'''
*: Marks the patient or theme, that is the entity that undergoes the action
*Instrumental ({{smallcaps|ins}}) '''-oe'''
*: Marks the instrument or entity with which the action was carried out, this can be a tool or a person.
*Locative ({{smallcaps|loc}}) '''-ae'''
*: Marks the location or time at which the action was performed
*Benefactive ({{smallcaps|ben}}) '''-a'''
*: Marks the entity for whose benefit the action occurs, this includes recipients with verbs that express change of possession
*Origative ({{smallcaps|ori}}) '''-ti'''
*: Marks the place, time, motive or cause from which the action originated, it also acts as a possessive.
*Metative ({{smallcaps|met}}) '''-mi'''
*: Marks the direction, purpose or objective towards which the action aims
 
==== ''Obviative'' ====
Riagi has three levels of obviative/proximate distinctions
*Proximate '''-Ø'''
*:The most salient or proximate entity, unmarked
*Obviative ({{smallcaps|obv}}) '''-ge'''
*:The obviative marks a less salient entity
*Further Obviative ({{smallcaps|fobv}}) '''-gē'''
*:The further obviative mark is much less common, it marks an entity less salient than an obviative
 
==== ''Number'' ====
Riagi has number marking for both count and mass nouns. Number is marked after cases.
*Singular ({{smallcaps|sg}}) '''-Ø'''
*:The singular form is the default number for count nouns, it indicates a single element (i.e. A pen. A book)
*Singulative ({{smallcaps|svg}}) '''-'e'''
*:The singulative form marks a single unit of a mass noun, the unit is culturally and contextually determined (i.e. A drop of water. A grain of salt)
*Collective ({{smallcaps|col}}) '''-Ø'''
*:The collective form is the default number for mass nouns (i.e. Water. Salt)
*Plural or Plurative ({{smallcaps|pl}}) '''-'o'''
*:The plural or plurative form marks both a group of countable nouns and a group of mass nouns (i.e. Pens. Books. Waters. Salts)
 
==== ''Pronouns'' ====
=====Personal=====
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | First Person  
! colspan="2" | First Person (1)
! colspan="2" | Dual Person  
! colspan="2" | Dual Person (D)
! colspan="2" | Second Person  
! colspan="2" | Second Person (2)
! colspan="2" | Third Person  
! colspan="2" | Third Person (3)
|-
|-
! style="width: 80px;" | Singular
! style="width: 80px;" | Singular
Line 42: Line 196:
! style="width: 80px;" | Plural
! style="width: 80px;" | Plural
|-
|-
| ē
| ō
| na
| nao
| sa
| sano
| rage
| rago
|-
! colspan="4" | Fourth Person (4)
! colspan="4" | Fifth Person (5)
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
| colspan="2" | nae
| colspan="2" | nae'o
| colspan="2" | re
| colspan="2" | re'o
|-
! colspan="8" | Zero Person (0)
|-
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
| colspan="4" | anga
| colspan="4" | anga'o
|}
* The First person plural is exclusive
* The Dual person singular indicates both the Speaker and the Addressee
* The Dual person Plural is an inclusive version of the first person plural
* The Fourth person is an indefinite category that encompasses First and Dual persons. ''"These ones think so" (referring to themselves)''
* The Fifth person is similar to the fourth but covers Second and Third persons.
* The Zero person is a completely generic category. ''"One could say so"''
=====Impersonal=====
For non-humans, the pronoun '''aja''' is used
=== Verbs ===
The affix positions are the following: <tt>tense-aspect.VERB.mood.negation</tt>
==== ''Tense'' ====
Rjargi has four tenses:
*Past ({{smallcaps|pst}})
*:Sets the reference time of the action in the past
*Present ({{smallcaps|prs}})
*:Sets the reference time of the action in the present
*Future ({{smallcaps|fut}})
*:Sets the reference time of the action in the future
*Gnomic ({{smallcaps|gno}})
*:Does not limit the reference time of the action to a specific time
==== ''Aspect'' ====
Rjargi has five aspects:
*Perfective ({{smallcaps|pfv}})
*:Describes the action as a whole or without interior composition
*Retrospective ({{smallcaps|ret}})
*:Describes an action that took place before the frame of reference
*Continuous ({{smallcaps|cont}})
*:Describes an action taking place within the frame of reference
*Prospective ({{smallcaps|prosp}})
*:Describes an action expected or taking place in the future of the frame of reference
*Habitual ({{smallcaps|hab}})
*:Describes an action that takes place regularly within the reference time
==== ''Tense-Aspect Affixes'' ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:120px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! style="width:90px;" | Perfective
! style="width:90px;" | Retrospective
! style="width:90px;" | Continuous
! style="width:90px;" | Prospective
! style="width:90px;" | Habitual
|-
! a
! i
! ao
! ae
! u
|-
! Past
! style="width:40px;" | r
| ra-
| ri-
| rao-
| rae-
| ru-
|-
! Present
! Ø
| Ø
| i-
| ao-
| ae-
| u-
|-
! Future
! kk
| kka-
| kki-
| kkao-
| kkae-
| kku-
|-
! Gnomic
! m
| ma-
| mi-
| mao-
| mae-
| mu-
|}
==== ''Mood'' ====
Moods are divided in External, Internal and Evidential
===== External =====
*Permissive ({{smallcaps|prm}}) '''-tou'''
*:Used to express permission
*Requisitive ({{smallcaps|req}}) '''-nēa'''
*:Used to express requests or suggestions
*Compulsory ({{smallcaps|cls}}) '''-po'''
*:Used to express orders and commands
*Impositive ({{smallcaps|ims}}) '''-se'''
*:Used to express expectations or imposed actions
===== Internal =====
*Promissory ({{smallcaps|pms}}) '''-ga'''
*:Used to express for promises oaths or threats
*Desiderative ({{smallcaps|des}}) '''-si'''
*:Used to express willingness or intent
*Aspirative ({{smallcaps|asp}}) '''-joe'''
*:Used to express hopes, fears or wishes
*Necessitative ({{smallcaps|nec}}) '''-no'''
*:Used to express needs or obligations
===== Evidential =====
*Factual ({{smallcaps|fac}}) '''-ve'e'''
*:Indicates the certainty of the action
*Probable ({{smallcaps|pbl}}) '''-va'''
*:Indicates the likelihood of the action
*Improbable ({{smallcaps|ipb}}) '''-hā'''
*:Indicates the unlikelihood of the action
*Potential ({{smallcaps|ptn}}) '''-tao'''
*:Indicates the possibility of the action, regardless of it's likelihood
==== ''Negation'' ====
Negation is done through the affix '''-hīa''' placed at the end of a verb or coverb
==== ''Coverbs'' ====
Coverbs are words used in serial verb constructions, they are placed after the main verb and take inflections when the main verb can't or shouldn't because it's already fully inflected or it's meaning requires it that way.
Two coverbs exist in Riagi
*'''Aono'''
*:Used as a coverb of stative verbs
*'''Hare'''
*:Used as coverb of dynamic verbs
===Determiners===
====''Pro-forms''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:100px;" rowspan="2" |
! style="width:80px;" rowspan="2" | Interrogative
! colspan="2" | Demonstrative
! colspan="5" | Quantifier
|-
! style="width:80px;" | Proximal
! style="width:80px;" | Distal
! style="width:80px;" | Universal
! style="width:80px;" | Existential
! style="width:80px;" | Elective
! style="width:80px;" | Alternate
! style="width:80px;" | Negative
|-
! Personal
| ta'e
| ta (sg)<br />tao (pl)
| tare (sg)<br />taro (pl)
| tauma
| ta'ota
| ta'ina
| rowspan="2" | hōvi
| rowspan="2" | ho'i
|-
! Impersonal
| ho'e
| ho (sg)<br />ho'o (pl)
| hore (sg)<br />horo (pl)
| houma
| ho'ota
| ho'ina
|-
! Place
| kko'e
| kko
| kkore
| rowspan="2" | kkouma
| rowspan="2" | kko'ota
| rowspan="2" | kko'ina
| rowspan="2" | ngōvi
| rowspan="2" | ngo'i
|-
! Time
| ngo'e
| ngo
| ngore
|-
! Manner
| moi'e
| colspan="2" | moi
| -
| moi'ota
| -
| -
| -
|-
! Origin, Quality
| gi'e
| colspan="2" | gi
| -
| -
| gi'ota
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
! Goal, Reason
| gui'e
| colspan="2" | gui
| -
| -
| gui'ota
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|}
====''Genitives''====
=====Personal=====
Personal forms are used for human animates
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" | First Person (1)
! colspan="2" | Dual Person (D)
! colspan="2" | Second Person (2)
! colspan="2" | Third Person (3)
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Fourth Person
! style="width: 80px;" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Fifth Person
! style="width: 80px;" | Plural
! style="width: 80px;" | Singular
! style="width: 80px;" | Plural
! style="width: 80px;" | Singular
! style="width: 80px;" | Plural
! style="width: 80px;" | Singular
! style="width: 80px;" | Plural
|-
| aee
| aoo
| naīa
| najo
| saīa
| sajo
| raje
| rajo
|-
! colspan="4" | Fourth Person (4)
! colspan="4" | Fifth Person (5)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Singular
Line 59: Line 465:
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | -
| colspan="2" | nāe
| colspan="2" | -
| colspan="2" | nāe'o
| colspan="2" | -
| colspan="2" | are
| colspan="2" | -
| colspan="2" | are'o
|-
|-
! colspan="8" | Zero Person
! colspan="8" | Zero Person (0)
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | -
| colspan="4" | angīa
| colspan="4" | -
| colspan="4" | angīa'o
|}
|}
=====Impersonal=====
For inanimates places and abstract nouns the determiner '''āja''' is used
===Conjunctions===
==== ''Coordinating conjunctions'' ====
*Cumulative
**''''a''' - Presents a non-contrasting idea
**''''ai''' - Presents a non-contrasting negative idea
*Adversative
**'''seno''' - Presents a contrasting idea
*Alternative
**'''no''' - Presents an alternative
*Illative
**'''mani''' - Presents a cause
**'''pui''' - Presents a consequence
*Explanative
**'''sōto''' - Presents an explanation


* The First person plural is exclusive
==== ''Subordinating conjunctions'' ====
* The Dual person singular indicates both the Speaker and the Addressee
 
* The Dual person Plural is an inclusive version of the first person plural
===Particles===
* The Fourth person is an indefinite category that encompasses First and Dual persons. ''"These ones think so" (referring to themselves)''
====''Reference markers''====
* The Fifth person is similar to the fourth but covers Second and Third persons.
Reference markers are verb-like copulas that can take an object and a referenced argument as their subject for the purpose of building subordinate clauses. But unlike verbs, they cannot be conjugated and their word structure is strictly VO with the subject implicit in the particle.
* The Zero person is a completely generic category. ''"One could say so"''
*Subject reference marker ({{smallcaps|srm}}) '''vāe'''
*:References the subject of it's supraordinating clause as its subject
*Object reference marker ({{smallcaps|orm}}) '''vāte'''
*:References the object of it's supraordinating clause as its subject
*Indirect object reference marker ({{smallcaps|irm}}) '''vāme'''
*:References the indirect object of it's supraordinating clause as its subject


==== Determiners ====
===Conjunctions===
===Adpositions===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
== Writing System ==
Riagi uses a base-20 numeric system (similar to the mayan numerals)
== Syntax ==
{{construction}}
For syntax samples see [[Riagi/Sample_sentences|sample sentences]]
=== Word order ===
The Subject goes before the object whenever possible, indefinite arguments are placed before the verb, definite arguments after, possible word orders are:
*VSO - Both arguments are definite
*SVO - Subject is indefinite and object is definite
*OVS - Object is indefinite and subject is definite
*SOV - Both arguments are indefinite
Indirect objects are placed after the subject and object whenever possible.
 
==== ''Verbs'' ====
*'''Verb'''
**Coverb
**Adverb
 
==== ''Nouns'' ====
:*Determiner
:*Adposition
*'''Noun'''
**Adjective
 
==== ''Adverbs'' ====
Adverbs modify the preceding word, meaning that they automatically nest, in order to have multiple adverbs modifying the same word a coordinating conjunction is needed.
*Head
**'''Adverb'''
***'''Adverb'''
**Conjunction
**'''Adverb'''
 
==== ''Adjectives'' ====
Since adverbs and adjectives can be used interchangeably trough zero derivation, in order to avoid their nesting and adverbalization, multiple adjectives need a coordinating conjunction between them.
*Noun
**'''Adjective'''
***Adverb
**Conjunction
**'''Adjective'''
 
=== Clauses ===
==== ''Declarative'' ====
Declarative clauses are 'normal' and their syntax has been explained above
==== ''Interrogative'' ====
===== Polar questions =====
Polar questions, also known as yes-no questions are formed by adding the main verb at the end of the question, but in inverted polarity, this means, when the main verb is positive it is added in negative form and when it is negative it is added in normal form, this is similar to english tag questions.
*PST.PFV.fly away bird.NOM, PST.PFV.fly.N ("The bird flew away, didn't it?"; literally "The bird flew away, flew not?")
These questions are answered by the questioned verb in the correct polarity, followed by any pertinent information.
*PST.PFV.fly ("it flew"; literally "flew")
*PST.PFV.fly.N ("it didn't fly"; literally "flew not")
===== Non-polar questions =====
Non-polar questions are formed by replacing the questioned element by its respective interrogative determiner, verbs have a special construction, needing a coverb before the determiner. These structures are similar to english echo questions.
#PST.PFV.fly away what ("what flew away?")
#PST.PFV.fly how bird.NOM ("the bird flew how?")
#PST.PFV.coverb what bird.NOM? ("the bird did what?")
These questions are answered by replacing the interrogative determiner with the proper information, alternatively, in informal environments, they can be answered just with the missing information
#PST.PFV.fly away bird.NOM ("the bird flew away") / bird.NOM ("the bird")
#PST.PFV.fly away bird.NOM ("the bird flew away") / away
#PST.PFV.fly away bird.NOM ("the bird flew away") / PST.PFV.fly away ("flew away")
While answer #2 would be considered 'dumb' or 'smartassy' in english, in Riagi it is the proper answer to what was asked. If the circumstances which allowed the bird to fly away are what are being asked, then the origin/reason interrogative determiner is used, which is translated to english as 'why', 'wherefrom' or 'whence'.
==== ''Exclamatory'' ====
==== ''Imperative'' ====
 
=== Transitivity ===
==== ''Valence increasing'' ====
===== Causative =====
===== Applicative =====
===== Benefactive =====
==== ''Valence decreasing'' ====
===== Passive voice =====
===== Antipassive =====
===== Reflexive =====
=== Coordination ===
=== Subordination ===
 
== Writing system ==
[[File:Riiagi-paakkameea.png|300px|thumb|right|"Rīagi pākkamēa" written in the Riagi alphabet]]
=== Alphabet ===
 
[[File:Riagi_consonants.png|300px|thumb|right|Consonants in IPA, romanization and native script]]
[[File:Riagi_vowels.png|300px|thumb|right|Vowels in IPA, romanization and native script]]
 
=== Orthography ===
=== Typography ===
== Lexicon ==
=== Derivation ===
==== Compounds ====
==== From Nouns ====
==== From Verbs ====
==== From Adforms ====
== Cultural usage of language ==
== See Also ==
* [[Riagi/Sample sentences|Sample sentences]]
* Lexicon
* Lessons


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]]
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