Linguifex

User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

User page Discussion

User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8 (view source)

Revision as of 15:39, 6 July 2021

4,702 bytes added ,  6 July 2021
Updating infobox
No edit summary
(Updating infobox)
 
(170 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
* Latin alphabet
}}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonemic Inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="5"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 100px; "|
! style="width: 60px; " |Labial
! style="width: 60px; " |Coronal
! style="width: 60px; " |Dorsal
! style="width: 60px; " |Glottal
|-
!Nasal
| m
| n
| [ŋ]
|
|-
!Stop
| p
| t
| k
| [ʔ]
|-
!Fricative
| f β
| s ð
| ɣ
| h [ɦ]
|-
!Flap or tap
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
!Lateral app.
|
| l
|
|
|-
|}


Consonants between brackets are only allophonic.
===Consonants===
{{Muna_Consonants}}
===Vowels===
{{Muna_Vowels}}
===Diphthongs===
{{Muna_Dipthongs}}
===Phonotactics===
{{Muna_Phonotactics}}
 
'''Initial (ι)'''
* Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
'''Medial (μ)'''
* Medials are optional
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
'''Nucleus (ν)'''
* Nuclei are mandatory
* Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
'''Coda (κ)'''
* Codas are optional
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
* Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally
 
===Stress===
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.
 
===Allophony===
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
:: [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>


===Vowel Inventory===
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
:: [ðn] → [dn]
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
:: [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|


<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
* A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
::[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>


<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
* The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>


<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>


<!-- MID VOWELS -->
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e</div>
::[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə̥</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o</div>


<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
:: [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>


<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
::[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>


<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
::[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>


===Syllable Structure===
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
(C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
::[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>
*C<sub>1</sub>: a consonant other than /ɾ l s n/
*C<sub>2</sub>: one of /ɾ l s n/
*V: a vowel


===Allophony===
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants
::[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels


==Orthography==
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
::[∅w] → [ʋ]


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; width: 160px;"
===Ortography===
! colspan="2"| Romanization
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme
! colspan="2" | Romanization
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
|-
|m
|m
|-
|-
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|k
|k
|/k/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
|r
|r
|/ɾ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
|o
|o
|/o/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|/a/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
|n
|n
|n
|n
|-
|/n/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|/e/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
|s
|s
|/s/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
|D
|þ
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|p
|p
|-
|/p/
|t
|- style="height:40px" |
|t
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|-
|A
|k
|ø
|k
|/ɒ/
|-
|- style="height:40px" |
|f
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|f
|N
|-
|ŋ
|β
|/ŋ/
|b
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|s
|l
|s
|l
|-
|/l/
|ð
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|d
|-
|/ð/
|ɣ
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|/i/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|/u/
|-  style="height:40px" |
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
|g
|g
|g
|/ɣ/
|}
==Verbs==
===Phonotactic restrictions===
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:
*<code>-a</code>
*<code>-an</code>
===Dependency structure===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adverb
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Tense
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Modifier
! colspan="2" | Verb
|-
|-
|h
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|h
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect
|}
 
===Modifier===
 
A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.
:{{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Nominative (agent)|nom|sc}} {{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Genitive|gen|sc}} home.{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}} from walk.{{abbtip|Imperfective|impv|sc}} → "I'm walking from my home"
 
===Tense===
 
Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.
 
===Aspect===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
! Description
|-
|-
|ɾ
|'''Gnomic'''
|r
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|-
|l
|'''Perfective'''
|l
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|-
|-
|a
|'''Imperfective'''
|a
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|-
|e
|'''Ingressive'''
|e
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|-
|i
|'''Pausative'''
|i
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|-
|o
|'''Resumptive'''
|o
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|-
|  
|u
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|u
|-
|ə̥
|'
|-
|-
|'''Egressive'''
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|}
|}
===Mood===
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
==Nouns==
==Nouns==


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
===Phonotactic restrictions===
|+'''Affixes'''
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
 
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>
 
===Noun classes===
 
'''Gender'''
*Masculine
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
*Feminine
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
*Neuter
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>
 
'''Strength'''
*Weak
*:The word ends in a vowel
*Strong
*:The word ends in a consonant
 
===Dependency structure===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Genitive
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Determiner
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Quantifier
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adjective
! colspan="3" | Noun
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Function
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
!Use
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number
|}
 
===Case===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
!colspan="3"|Declension
!rowspan="2"|Description
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px" | Number
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
| style="width:100px" | Singulative
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
| style="width:480px" | Indicates a single instance of a mass noun
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
|-
|Plural<br />Plurative
| '''Nominative'''
|Indicates multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" | Cases
| '''Absolutive'''
|Nominative
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
|Indicates the agent of a verb
|
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
|-
|Absolutive
| '''Dative'''
|Indicates the direct object of a verb
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
|Genitive
| '''Genitive'''
|Indicates relationship or possesion
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
|-
|Dative<br />Benefactive
| '''Locative'''
|Indicates the indirect object of a sentence or the beneficiary of the action
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
|-
|Instrumental
| '''Instrumental'''
|Indicates an instrument or tool used to perform the action
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|-
|  
|Comitative
|  
|With something
|  
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|Abessive
|Without something
|-
|Locative
|Indicates place or time of the action
|}
|}
==Verbs==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
===Number===
|+'''Tenses'''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
! Suffix
! style="width:200px" | Description
! style="width:100px" | English
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
! colspan="4"| Second affix
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
|-
|-
! style="width:120px" | None
| '''Plural'''
! style="width:120px" | Past
|  
! style="width:120px" | Present
| style="text-align:left;" | Multiple instances
! style="width:120px" | Future
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="width:60px" | First<br />affix
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
! style="width:60px" | None
| '''Singulative'''
|Gnomic
|
|Past perfective
| style="text-align:left;" | Single unit of the instance
|Present perfective
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
|Future perfective
|-
|-
!Past
| '''Mass'''
|Past perfective
| -∅
|Past retrospective<br />Distant past
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
|Past continuous
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
|Past prospective
|-
|-
!Present
| '''Plurative'''
|Present perfective
|  
|Present retrospective
| style="text-align:left;" | Multiple instances
|Present continuous
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
|Present prospective
|-
!Future
|Future perfective
|Future retrospective
|Future continuous
|Future prospective<br />Distant future
|}
|}


==Particles==
==Syntax==
==Numbers==
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
==Morphosyntax==
 
It's an active-stative language
;Passive
:Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
 
;Anti-Passive
:Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
 
;Standard
:Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
 
;Involuntary action
:Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


Main word order is VSO, tends to be head initial.
;Assisted action
:Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb


Relative clauses
;Interrogative
:Verb + ... + (Oblique)


[[Category:Conlangs]]
==Muna Versions==
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/31598...230295"