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== Phonology ==
{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
* Latin alphabet
}}


=== Inventory ===
==Phonology==


==== Consonants ====
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{{Muna_Consonants}}
! style="width: 80px;" |
===Vowels===
! style="width: 60px;" |Labial
{{Muna_Vowels}}
! style="width: 60px;" |Coronal
===Diphthongs===
! style="width: 60px;" |Dorsal
{{Muna_Dipthongs}}
! style="width: 60px;" |Glottal
===Phonotactics===
|-
{{Muna_Phonotactics}}
!Nasal
 
|m
'''Initial (ι)'''
|n
* Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
|
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
|
'''Medial (μ)'''
|-
* Medials are optional
!Stop
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
|p
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
|t
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
|k
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
|
'''Nucleus (ν)'''
|-
* Nuclei are mandatory
!Fricative
* Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
|f β
'''Coda (κ)'''
|s ð
* Codas are optional
|ɣ
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
|h
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
|-
* Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally
!Flap
 
|
===Stress===
|ɾ
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.
|
 
|
===Allophony===
|-
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
!Lateral
:: [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>
|
 
|l
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
|
:: [ðn] → [dn]
|
:: [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
|}
 
* A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
::[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>


==== Vowels ====
* The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 80px;" |
! style="width: 60px;" |Front
! style="width: 60px;" |Central
! style="width: 60px;" |Back
|-
!Close
|i iː
|
|u uː
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|ə̥
|o oː
|-
!Open
|a aː
|
|
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>


==== Syllable structure ====
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
(C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
::[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>
* C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
* C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
* V: Any vowel


==== Consonant Clusters ====
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
:: [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 30px;" |
! style="width: 30px;" |pɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |tɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |kɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |βɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ðɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |m
! style="width: 30px;" |p
! style="width: 30px;" |t
! style="width: 30px;" |k
! style="width: 30px;" |f
! style="width: 30px;" |h
! style="width: 30px;" |β
! style="width: 30px;" |ð
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣ
! style="width: 30px;" |n
! style="width: 30px;" |s
! style="width: 30px;" |ɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |l
|-
!n
|npɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|nβɾ
|nðɾ
|nɣɾ
|nm
|np
|nt
|nk
|nf
|nh
|nβ
|nð
|nɣ
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ns
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
!s
|spɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|sβɾ
|sðɾ
|sɣɾ
|sm
|sp
|st
|sk
|sf
|sh
|sβ
|sð
|sɣ
|sn
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|sl
|-
!ɾ
|ɾpɾ
|ɾtɾ
|ɾkɾ
|ɾβɾ
|ɾðɾ
|ɾɣɾ
|ɾm
|ɾp
|ɾt
|ɾk
|ɾf
|ɾh
|ɾβ
|ɾð
|ɾɣ
|ɾn
|ɾs
|ɾɾ
|ɾl
|-
!l
|lpɾ
|ltɾ
|lkɾ
|lβɾ
|lðɾ
|lɣɾ
|lm
|lp
|lt
|lk
|lf
|lh
|lβ
|lð
|lɣ
|ln
|ls
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}


=== '''Stress''' ===
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
::[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>


=== Allophony ===
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
* Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
::[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
* [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]


== Ortography ==
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
::[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>


=== '''Script''' ===
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
::[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>


=== Romanization ===
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
::[∅w] → [ʋ]


===Ortography===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" | Romanization
|-
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
| colspan="2"| Consonants
|-
|m
|m
|-
|n
|n
|-
|p
|p
|-
|t
|t
|-
|-
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|k
|k
|k
|k
|-
|/k/
|f
|- style="height:40px" |  
|f
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
|-
|r
|β
|b
|-
|s
|s
|-
|ð
|d
|-
|ɣ
|g
|-
|h
|h
|-
|ɾ
|r
|r
|-
|/ɾ/
|l
|- style="height:40px" |
|l
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
|-
|o
| colspan="2"| Vowels
|o
|-
|/o/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |  
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|a
|a
|-
|/a/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
|n
|n
|/n/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|e
|e
|-
|/e/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
|s
|s
|/s/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
|D
|þ
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|/p/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|A
|ø
|/ɒ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|N
|ŋ
|/ŋ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|i
|i
|-
|/i/
|o
|- style="height:40px" |
|o
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
|-
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|u
|u
|-
|/u/
|aː
|- style="height:40px" |  
|aa
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
|-
|g
|eː
|g
|ee
|/ɣ/
|-
|iː
|ii
|-
|oː
|oo
|-
|uː
|uu
|-
|ə̥
|'
|-
|}
|}


== Morphology ==
==Verbs==


=== Verbs ===
===Phonotactic restrictions===


==== Tense/Aspect ====
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix
*<code>-a</code>
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix
*<code>-an</code>
!Tense / Aspect
===Dependency structure===
!Alternative
 
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:60px;" |None
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adverb
| style="width:40px;" |
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Tense
| style="width:60px;" |None
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Modifier
| style="width:40px;" |
! colspan="2" | Verb
|Gnomic
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Past
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Past perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Past retrospective
|Distant past
|-
|Present
|
|Past continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Past prospective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Present
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Present perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Present retrospective
|Near past
|-
|Present
|
|Present continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Present prospective
|Near future
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |Future
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
| rowspan="4" |
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect
|None
|
|Future perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Future retrospective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Present
|
|Future continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Future prospective
|Distant future
|}
|}


==== Mood ====
===Modifier===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="2" |Type
A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.
! colspan="2" |Mood
:{{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Nominative (agent)|nom|sc}} {{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Genitive|gen|sc}} home.{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}} from walk.{{abbtip|Imperfective|impv|sc}} → "I'm walking from my home"
!Use
 
|-
===Tense===
| colspan="2" |Realis
 
| style="width:100px;" |Indicative
Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.
| style="width:40px;" |
 
|Factual statement
===Aspect===
|-
 
| rowspan="9" style="width:60px;" |Irrealis
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |Epistemic
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
|Alethic
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
|
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
|States truth or logical necessity
! Description
|-
|Potential
|
|States probability of something happening
|-
|-
|Deductive
|'''Gnomic'''
|
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
|States something supported by indirect evidence
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |Deontic
|'''Perfective'''
|Desiderative
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|
|  
|States internal desire for something
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|-
|-
|Expectative
|'''Imperfective'''
|
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
|States external desire for something
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|-
|Necessitative
|'''Ingressive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|States internal necessity for something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|-
|Directive
|'''Pausative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|States external necessity for something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|-
|Capacitative
|'''Resumptive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|States internal ability to do something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|-
|-
|Permissive
|'''Egressive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|States external ability to do something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|}
|}


=== Nouns ===
===Mood===
 
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.


==== Case ====
==Nouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="2" |Case
===Phonotactic restrictions===
!Use
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
|-
 
| style="width:120px;" |Nominative
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
| style="width:40px;" |
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
|Marks the agent of a verb
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>
|-
 
|Absolutive
===Noun classes===
|
 
|Marks the object of a verb
'''Gender'''
|-
*Masculine
|Dative benefactive
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
|
*Feminine
|Marks the indirect object of the verb
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
|-
*Neuter
|Genitive
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>
|
 
|Marks possession of or relation with something
'''Strength'''
|-
*Weak
|Instrumental
*:The word ends in a vowel
|
*Strong
|Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
*:The word ends in a consonant
 
===Dependency structure===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Genitive
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Determiner
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Quantifier
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adjective
! colspan="3" | Noun
|-
|-
|Comitative
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case
|Mark accompaniment of something
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number
|-
|Privative
|
|Marks the lack of company by something
|-
|Locative
|
|Marks the location or time of the action
|}
|}


==== Number ====
===Case===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Number
!Use
|-
| style="width:80px;" |Singulative
| style="width:40px;" |
|Marks a single object of a mass noun
|-
|Plurative
|
|Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|}


=== Pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
! rowspan="2" |Person
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number
!colspan="3"|Declension
! colspan="4" |Case
!rowspan="2"|Description
|-
|-
! style="width:40px;" |NOM
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width:40px;" |ABS
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width:40px;" |DAT
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width:40px;" |GEN
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |First
| '''Nominative'''
| colspan="2" |Singular
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" |Plural
| '''Absolutive'''
| style="width:60px;" |Exclusive
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
|-
|Inclusive
| '''Dative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |Second
| '''Genitive'''
| colspan="2" |Singular
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Plural
| '''Locative'''
|Exclusive
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
|-
|Inclusive
| '''Instrumental'''
|
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
| rowspan="2" |Third
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plural
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


=== Determiners ===
===Number===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Type
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" |Interrogative
! Suffix
! style="width:200px" | Description
! style="width:100px" | English
|-
|-
! style="width:80px;" |Proximal
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
! style="width:80px;" |Medial
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
! style="width:80px;" |Distal
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
|-
|-
|Object
| '''Plural'''
|
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
|
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
|
|-
|-
|Manner
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
|
| '''Singulative'''
| colspan="2" |
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Single unit of the instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
|-
|-
|Reason
| '''Mass'''
|
| -∅
| colspan="2" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Single instance
|
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
|-
|-
|Location
| '''Plurative'''
|
|  
| colspan="2" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Multiple instances
|
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
|-
|Time
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|}
|}


==== Quantifiers ====
==Syntax==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
! colspan="2" |Type
 
!Use
;Passive
|-
:Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
| style="width:100px;" |Universal
 
| style="width:80px;" |
;Anti-Passive
|Every option
:Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
|-
| rowspan="6" |Existential
|
| rowspan="6" |An unspecified amount of options
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|Negatory
|
|No option
|-
|Elective
|
|Any option
|-
|Alternative
|
|A different option
|}


=== '''Adjectives and Adverbs''' ===
;Standard
:Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


=== '''Adpositions''' ===
;Involuntary action
:Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


=== Numerals ===
;Assisted action
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5
:Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb


=== '''Derivation''' ===
;Interrogative
:Verb + ... + (Oblique)


== Syntax ==
==Muna Versions==
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/31689...230295"