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== Phonology ==
{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
* Latin alphabet
}}


=== Inventory ===
==Phonology==


==== Consonants ====
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{{Muna_Consonants}}
! style="width: 80px;" |
===Vowels===
! style="width: 60px;" |Labial
{{Muna_Vowels}}
! style="width: 60px;" |Coronal
===Diphthongs===
! style="width: 60px;" |Dorsal
{{Muna_Dipthongs}}
! style="width: 60px;" |Glottal
===Phonotactics===
|-
{{Muna_Phonotactics}}
!Nasal
 
|m
'''Initial (ι)'''
|n
* Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
'''Medial (μ)'''
|-
* Medials are optional
!Stop
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
|p
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
|t
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
|k
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
'''Nucleus (ν)'''
|-
* Nuclei are mandatory
!Fricative
* Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
|f β
'''Coda (κ)'''
|s ð
* Codas are optional
|ɣ
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
|h
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
|-
* Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally
!Flap
 
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
===Stress===
|ɾ
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
 
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
===Allophony===
|-
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
!Lateral
:: [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
 
|l
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
:: [ðn] → [dn]
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
:: [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
|}
 
* A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
::[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>
 
* The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>


==== Vowels ====
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
! style="width: 80px;" |
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 60px;" |Front
! style="width: 60px;" |Central
! style="width: 60px;" |Back
|-
!Close
|i iː
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|u uː
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|ə̥
|o oː
|-
!Open
|a aː
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|ɒ ɒː
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
::[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>


==== Syllable structure ====
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
(C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
:: [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>
* C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
* C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
* V: Any vowel


==== Consonant Clusters ====
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
::[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 30px;" |
! style="width: 30px;" |pɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |tɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |kɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |βɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ðɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |m
! style="width: 30px;" |p
! style="width: 30px;" |t
! style="width: 30px;" |k
! style="width: 30px;" |f
! style="width: 30px;" |h
! style="width: 30px;" |β
! style="width: 30px;" |ð
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣ
! style="width: 30px;" |n
! style="width: 30px;" |s
! style="width: 30px;" |ɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |l
|-
!n
|npɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|nβɾ
|nðɾ
|nɣɾ
|nm
|np
|nt
|nk
|nf
|nh
|nβ
|nð
|nɣ
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|ns
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|-
!s
|spɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|sβɾ
|sðɾ
|sɣɾ
|sm
|sp
|st
|sk
|sf
|sh
|sβ
|sð
|sɣ
|sn
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|sl
|-
!ɾ
|ɾpɾ
|ɾtɾ
|ɾkɾ
|ɾβɾ
|ɾðɾ
|ɾɣɾ
|ɾm
|ɾp
|ɾt
|ɾk
|ɾf
|ɾh
|ɾβ
|ɾð
|ɾɣ
|ɾn
|ɾs
|ɾɾ
|ɾl
|-
!l
|lpɾ
|ltɾ
|lkɾ
|lβɾ
|lðɾ
|lɣɾ
|lm
|lp
|lt
|lk
|lf
|lh
|lβ
|lð
|lɣ
|ln
|ls
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|}


=== '''Stress''' ===
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
::[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>


=== Allophony ===
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
* Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
::[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
* [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]


== Ortography ==
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
::[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>


=== Romanization ===
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
::[∅w] → [ʋ]


===Ortography===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" | Romanization
|-
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
! colspan="2"| Consonants
|-
|m
|m
|-
|n
|n
|-
|p
|p
|-
|t
|t
|-
|-
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|k
|k
|k
|k
|-
|/k/
|f
|- style="height:40px" |  
|f
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
|-
|r
|β
|b
|-
|s
|s
|-
|ð
|d
|-
|ɣ
|g
|-
|h
|h
|-
|ɾ
|r
|r
|-
|/ɾ/
|l
|- style="height:40px" |
|l
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
|-
|o
! colspan="2"| Vowels
|o
|-
|/o/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |  
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|a
|a
|-
|/a/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
|n
|n
|/n/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|e
|e
|-
|/e/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
|s
|s
|/s/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
|D
|þ
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|/p/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|A
|ø
|/ɒ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|N
|ŋ
|/ŋ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|i
|i
|-
|/i/
|ɒ
|- style="height:40px" |
|q
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
|-
|m
|o
|m
|o
|/m/
|-
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|u
|u
|-
|/u/
|aː
|- style="height:40px" |  
|aa
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
|-
|g
|eː
|g
|ee
|/ɣ/
|-
|iː
|ii
|-
|ɒː
|qq
|-
|oː
|oo
|-
|uː
|uu
|-
|ə̥
|'
|-
|}
|}


=== Script ===
==Verbs==
 
===Phonotactic restrictions===
 
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:
 
*<code>-a</code>
*<code>-an</code>
===Dependency structure===


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="8" |Base syllables
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adverb
|-
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Tense
!style="width: 40px;"|
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Modifier
!style="width: 40px;"|'
! colspan="2" | Verb
!style="width: 40px;"|a
!style="width: 40px;"|e
!style="width: 40px;"|i
!style="width: 40px;"|q
!style="width: 40px;"|o
!style="width: 40px;"|u
|-
!∅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!m
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!p
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!t
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!k
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!b
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!g
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!f
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!h
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="8" |Diacritic syllables
|-
!
!'
!a
!e
!i
!q
!o
!u
|-
!pr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!kr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!br
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!dr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!gr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="8" |Single consonants
|-
!n
| colspan="7" |
|-
!s
| colspan="7" |
|-
!r
| colspan="7" |
|-
!l
| colspan="7" |
|}
|}


== Morphology ==
===Modifier===
 
A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.
:{{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Nominative (agent)|nom|sc}} {{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Genitive|gen|sc}} home.{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}} from walk.{{abbtip|Imperfective|impv|sc}} → "I'm walking from my home"
 
===Tense===


=== Verbs ===
Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.


==== Tense/Aspect ====
===Aspect===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix
!Tense / Aspect
!Alternative
|-
| style="width:60px;" |None
| style="width:40px;" |
| style="width:60px;" |None
| style="width:40px;" |
|Gnomic
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Past
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Past perfective
|
|-
|Past
|
|Past retrospective
|Distant past
|-
|Present
|
|Past continuous
|
|-
|Future
|
|Past prospective
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Present
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Present perfective
|
|-
|Past
|
|Present retrospective
|Near past
|-
|Present
|
|Present continuous
|
|-
|Future
|
|Present prospective
|Near future
|-
| rowspan="4" |Future
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Future perfective
|
|-
|Past
|
|Future retrospective
|
|-
|Present
|
|Future continuous
|
|-
|Future
|
|Future prospective
|Distant future
|}


==== Mood ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
! colspan="2" |Type
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
! colspan="2" |Mood
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
!Use
! Description
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |Realis
|'''Gnomic'''
| style="width:100px;" |Indicative
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
| style="width:40px;" |
|  
|Factual statement
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" style="width:60px;" |Irrealis
|'''Perfective'''
| rowspan="4" style="width:60px;" |Epistemic
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|Alethic
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|States truth or logical necessity
|-
|-
|Potential
|'''Imperfective'''
|
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
|States probability of something happening
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|-
|Deductive
|'''Ingressive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|States something supported by indirect evidence
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|-
|Interrogative
|'''Pausative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|Questions the action
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |Deontic
|'''Resumptive'''
|Desiderative
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|
|  
|States internal desire for something
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|-
|-
|Expectative
|'''Egressive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|States external desire for something
|  
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|Necessitative
|
|States internal necessity for something
|-
|Directive
|
|States external necessity for something
|-
|Capacitative
|
|States internal ability to do something
|-
|Permissive
|
|States external ability to do something
|}
|}


=== Nouns ===
===Mood===


==== Case ====
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Case
!Use
|-
| style="width:80px;" |Nominative
| style="width:60px;" | -a -e -i
|Marks the agent of a verb
|-
|Absolutive
| -q -o -u
|Marks the object of a verb
|-
|Dative
|
|Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
|-
|Genitive
|
|Marks possession of or relation with something
|-
|Instrumental
|
|Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
|-
|Locative
|
|Marks the location or time of the action
|-
|Comitative
|
|Mark accompaniment of something
|-
|Privative
|
|Marks the lack of company by something
|-
|Alternative
|
|Marks an alternative or choice to something
|}


==== Number ====
==Nouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Number
!Use
|-
| style="width:80px;" |Singulative
| style="width:40px;" |
|Marks a single object of a mass noun
|-
|Plurative
|
|Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|}


=== Pronouns ===
===Phonotactic restrictions===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
! rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number
! colspan="4" |Case
|-
! style="width:60px;" |NOM
! style="width:60px;" |ABS
! style="width:60px;" |DAT
! style="width:60px;" |GEN
|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |First
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" |Plural
| style="width:60px;" |Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Second
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Plural
|Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Third
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plural
|
|
|
|
|}


=== Determiners ===
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Type
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative
! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" |Interrogative
|-
! style="width:80px;" |Proximal
! style="width:80px;" |Medial
! style="width:80px;" |Distal
|-
|Object
|
|
|
|
|-
|Quality Amount
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Manner
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Reason
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Location
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Time
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|}


==== Quantifiers ====
===Noun classes===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Type
!Use
|-
| style="width:100px;" |Universal
| style="width:80px;" |
|Every option
|-
| rowspan="6" |Existential
|
|Large amount of
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|Pair of
|-
|Negatory
|
|No option
|-
|Elective
|
|Any option
|-
|Alternative
|
|A different option
|}


=== Adpositions ===
'''Gender'''
*Masculine
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
*Feminine
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
*Neuter
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
'''Strength'''
! colspan="2" |Type
*Weak
!
*:The word ends in a vowel
!Use
*Strong
|-
*:The word ends in a consonant
| rowspan="15" style="width:80px;" |Spatial
| rowspan="7" style="width:80px;" |Location
| style="width:80px;" |
|Above, on the surface
|-
|
|Below
|-
|
|In front of
|-
|
|Behind
|-
|
|Near
|-
|
|Between, amongst
|-
|
|Inside
|-
| rowspan="8" |Movement
|
|Over, across the surface
|-
|
|Under
|-
|
|Through
|-
|
|To (direction)
|-
|
|To (destination)
|-
|
|From (origin)
|-
|
|Into
|-
|
|Out from
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Temporal
|
|Since
|-
|
|Before
|-
|
|During
|-
|
|After
|-
|
|Until
|-
| colspan="2" |Composition
|
|Of
|-
| colspan="2" |Purpose
|
|In order to
|-
| colspan="2" |Cause
|
|Because of
|-
| colspan="2" |Reference
|
|About
|}


=== Numerals ===
===Dependency structure===
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Single digit numbers'''
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Genitive
! style="width:30px;" |0
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Determiner
! style="width:30px;" |1
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Quantifier
! style="width:30px;" |2
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adjective
! style="width:30px;" |3
! colspan="3" | Noun
! style="width:30px;" |4
|-
|0
|1
|2
|3
|4
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
|-
|5
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|6
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case
|7
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number
|8
|9
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
|-
|A
|B
|C
|D
|E
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
|-
|F
|G
|H
|J
|K
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


===Case===


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Multiple digit numbers'''
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
! style="width:40px;" |x400
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
! style="width:40px;" |x20
!colspan="3"|Declension
! style="width:40px;" |x1
!rowspan="2"|Description
! style="width:40px;" |Total
|-
|-
|
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
|'''2'''
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
|'''E'''
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
| rowspan="3" |34
|-
|-
|
| '''Nominative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
|
|  
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
|-
|-
|
| '''Absolutive'''
|''40''
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
|''14''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
|-
|
| '''Dative'''
|'''C'''
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|'''4'''
|
| rowspan="3" |244
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
|
| '''Genitive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|
|  
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
|-
|
| '''Locative'''
|''240''
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|''4''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
|-
|'''5'''
| '''Instrumental'''
|'''J'''
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|'''7'''
|  
| rowspan="3" |2367
|  
|-
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|
|
|-
|''2000''
|''360''
|''7''
|}
|}
=== Derivation ===


==== Affixation patterns ====
===Number===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+
! colspan="6" |Verbs
|-
! colspan="3" |Conversion
!Pattern
!Changes
!Example
|-
|Root
|→
|Verb
|Verbalization
|<nowiki>-on -un</nowiki>
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Opposite
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Causative
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Complementary
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Nouns
|-
|Root
|→
|Noun
|Nominalization
|<nowiki>-∅, -r, -l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Place of...
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adjectives
|-
|Root
|→
|Adjective
|Adjectivalization
|<nowiki>-s</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Opposite
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adverbs
|-
|Root
|→
|Adverb
|Adverbalization
|<nowiki>-s'r, -s'l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Opposite
|
|
|}


==== Compounding patterns ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
!Pattern
! Suffix
!Construction
! style="width:200px" | Description
!Example
! style="width:100px" | English
|-
|-
|HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
| rowspan="6" |HEAD + MODIFIER
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
|
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
|-
|-
|HEAD originated from MODIFIER
| '''Plural'''
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
|-
|-
|HEAD made of MODIFIER
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
|
| '''Singulative'''
|
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single unit of the instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
|-
|-
|HEAD benefitting MODIFIER
| '''Mass'''
|
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
|-
|-
|Do HEAD to MODIFIER
| '''Plurative'''
|
|  
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
|Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
|
|}
|}


== Syntax ==
==Syntax==
 
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure
 
{{red|verbs - adverb}} - {{green|subject}} - {{blue|object}} - {{gold|ind. object}} - others
 
=== Word order ===
 
*'''Verb'''
**Adverb
 
:* Preposition
:* Determiner
* '''Noun'''
** Adjective
** Quantifier
** Numeral
** Genitive
 
=== Default sentence structure ===
 
* Verb
* Subject
* Object
* Indirect object
* Oblique argument
** Time
** Manner
** Place
 
=== Interrogative constructions ===
 
==== Choice questions ====
 
*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} coffee={{sc|alt}} tea={{sc|alt}}
 
:Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
 
:*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
::I want tea
 
:*{{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
::Tea
 
==== Semi-polar questions ====
 
*{{red|eat-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|steak-{{sc|abs}}}} burger={{sc|alt}}
 
:Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?
 
==== Polar questions ====
 
*{{red|come-{{sc|pst-q}}}} {{green|friend.{{sc|nom}}}} 2s.{{sc|gen}} friday.{{sc|loc}} last
 
:Did your friend came last Friday?
 
==== Non-polar questions ====
 
*{{red|be-{{sc|q}}}} {{green|how_much that river-{{sc|nom}} wide}}
 
:How wide is that river?
 
=== Relative Constructions ===
 
==== Subject ====
 
*{{red|be}} {{green|[come-{{sc|pst}} late guy-{{sc|nom}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|cousin.{{sc|abs}}}} 1s.{{sc|gen}}
 
:The [he came late] guy is my cousin
 
==== Direct object ====
 
*{{red|give-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|1s-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|rose-{{sc|abs}}}} {{gold|[see-{{sc|pst}} kate-{{sc|nom}} girl-{{sc|abs}}]-{{sc|dat}}}}
 
:I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl
 
==== Indirect object ====
 
*{{red|know}} {{green|john-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|[write-{{sc|pst}} 1s-{{sc|nom}} letter-{{sc|abs}} woman-{{sc|dat}}]-{{sc|abs}}}}


:John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman
;Passive
:Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb


==== Genitive ====
;Anti-Passive
:Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb


*{{red|tell-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|[die-{{sc|pst}} father-{{sc|nom}} boy-{{sc|gen}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|1s-{{sc|abs}}}}
;Standard
:Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


:The [his father died] boy told me something
;Involuntary action
:Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


=== Passive constructions ===
;Assisted action
:Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb


=== Anti-passive constructions ===
;Interrogative
:Verb + ... + (Oblique)


[[Category:Conlangs]]
==Muna Versions==
[[Category:Languages]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
[[Category:A_priori]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''
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