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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:muna_rune_m.png|35px]][[File:muna_rune_u.png|35px]][[File:muna_rune_n.png|35px]][[File:muna_rune_a.png|35px]]
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = /muna/
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|region        = Ironstone islands
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|fam1          = Conlang
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|fam2          = Fictional language
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|fam3          = Language isolate
|creator      = Miguel Bartelsman
|created      = 2015
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|setting      = Fantasy world
|script        = Muna runes, Latin alphabet
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
|map          = ironstone_islands.jpg
* Latin alphabet
}}
}}


== Phonology ==
==Phonology==


=== Inventory ===
===Consonants===
{{Muna_Consonants}}
===Vowels===
{{Muna_Vowels}}
===Diphthongs===
{{Muna_Dipthongs}}
===Phonotactics===
{{Muna_Phonotactics}}


==== Consonants ====
'''Initial (ι)'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
* Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
! style="width: 80px;" |
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
! style="width: 60px;" |Labial
'''Medial (μ)'''
! style="width: 60px;" |Coronal
* Medials are optional
! style="width: 60px;" |Dorsal
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
! style="width: 60px;" |Glottal
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
|-
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
!Nasal
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
|m
'''Nucleus (ν)'''
|n nː
* Nuclei are mandatory
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
* Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
'''Coda (κ)'''
|-
* Codas are optional
!Stop
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
|p
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
|t
* Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally
|k
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|-
!Fricative
|f β
|s sː ð
|ɣ
|h
|-
!Flap
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|ɾ r
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|-
!Lateral
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|l lː
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|}
 
==== Vowels ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" |
! style="width: 60px;" |Front
! style="width: 60px;" |Back
|-
!Close
|i iː
|u uː
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|o oː
|-
!Open
|a aː
|ɒ ɒː
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
===Stress===
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.


==== Suprasyllable ====
===Allophony===
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
:: [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>


(C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
* C<sub>1</sub>: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
:: [ðn] → [dn]
* C<sub>2</sub>: One of /n s ɾ l/
:: [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
* V: Any vowel or |H|


==== Syllable ====
* A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
::[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>


(C, C<sub>1</sub>ɾ)(H)V(V)(H)(C<sub>2</sub>), (C, C<sub>1</sub>ɾ)H(C<sub>2</sub>)
* The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>


* C: Any consonant
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* C<sub>1</sub>: One of /p t k β ð ɣ/
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
* C<sub>2</sub>: One of /n s ɾ l/
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>
* H: |H|
* V: Any vowel


==== Consonant Clusters ====
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
::[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 30px;" |
! style="width: 30px;" |pɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |tɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |kɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |βɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ðɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |m
! style="width: 30px;" |p
! style="width: 30px;" |t
! style="width: 30px;" |k
! style="width: 30px;" |f
! style="width: 30px;" |h
! style="width: 30px;" |β
! style="width: 30px;" |ð
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣ
! style="width: 30px;" |n
! style="width: 30px;" |s
! style="width: 30px;" |ɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |l
|-
!n
|npɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|nβɾ
|nðɾ
|nɣɾ
|nm
|np
|nt
|nk
|nf
|nh
|nβ
|nð
|nɣ
| style="background-color:#ffd" | nː
|ns
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|-
!s
|spɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|sβɾ
|sðɾ
|sɣɾ
|sm
|sp
|st
|sk
|sf
|sh
|sβ
|sð
|sɣ
|sn
| style="background-color:#ffd" | sː
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|sl
|-
!ɾ
|ɾpɾ
|ɾtɾ
|ɾkɾ
|ɾβɾ
|ɾðɾ
|ɾɣɾ
|ɾm
|ɾp
|ɾt
|ɾk
|ɾf
|ɾh
|ɾβ
|ɾð
|ɾɣ
|ɾn
|ɾs
| style="background-color:#ffd" | r
|ɾl
|-
!l
|lpɾ
|ltɾ
|lkɾ
|lβɾ
|lðɾ
|lɣɾ
|lm
|lp
|lt
|lk
|lf
|lh
|lβ
|lð
|lɣ
|ln
|ls
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#ffd" | lː
|}
 
==== Diphthongs ====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
! style="width: 30px;" |
:: [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 30px;" |a
! style="width: 30px;" |e
! style="width: 30px;" |i
! style="width: 30px;" |ɒ
! style="width: 30px;" |o
! style="width: 30px;" |u
|-
!a
| style="background-color:#ffd" |aː
|ae
|ai
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|-
!e
|ea
| style="background-color:#ffd" |eː
|ei
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|-
!i
| style="background-color:#ffd" |ja
| style="background-color:#ffd" |je
| style="background-color:#ffd" |iː
| style="background-color:#ffd" |jɒ
| style="background-color:#ffd" |jo
| style="background-color:#ffd" |ju
|-
!ɒ
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#ffd" |ɒː
|ɒo
|ɒu
|-
!o
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|oɒ
| style="background-color:#ffd" |oː
|ou
|-
!u
| style="background-color:#ffd" |wa
| style="background-color:#ffd" |we
| style="background-color:#ffd" |wi
| style="background-color:#ffd" |wɒ
| style="background-color:#ffd" |wo
| style="background-color:#ffd" |uː
|}


=== Allophony ===
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
* Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
::[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels


==== Archiphoneme |H| ====
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
::[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>


* |H| does not happen word-initially, isolated nor adjacent to another |H|
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
* |H| is realized as [ɦ] after a vowel
::[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>
* |H| is realized as [◌ʰ] after a consonant and before a vowel or word-finally
* |H| is realized as [ə] after a voiced consonant and before another consonant
* |H| is realized as [ə̥] after an unvoiced consonant and before another consonant


=== Stress ===
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
* Penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel
::[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>
* Last syllable is the word ends in a consonant


== Ortography ==
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
::[∅w] → [ʋ]


===Ortography===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:35px" | Rune
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
! style="width:35px" | Latin
! colspan="2" | Romanization
! style="width:35px" | IPA
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
!Name
|-
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_m.png|15px]]
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
|m
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |  
|
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|-
|k
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_n.png|15px]]
|n
|/n/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_p.png|15px]]
|p
|/p/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_t.png|15px]]
|t
|/t/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_k.png|15px]]
|k
|k
|/k/
|/k/
|
|- style="height:40px" |  
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_f.png|15px]]
|r
|f
|/f/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_b.png|15px]]
|b
|/β/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_s.png|15px]]
|s
|/s/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_d.png|15px]]
|d
|/ð/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_g.png|15px]]
|g
|/ɣ/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_h.png|15px]]
|h
|/h/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_r.png|15px]]
|r
|r
|/ɾ/
|/ɾ/
|
|- style="height:40px" |  
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_l.png|15px]]
|o
|l
|o
|/l/
|/o/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_a.png|15px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|a
|/a/
|/a/
|
|- style="height:40px" |  
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_q.png|15px]]
|n
|q
|n
|/ɒ/
|/n/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_e.png|15px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|e
|/e/
|/e/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_o.png|15px]]
|s
|o
|s
|/o/
|/s/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_i.png|15px]]
|D
|þ
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |  
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|/p/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|A
|ø
|/ɒ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|N
|ŋ
|/ŋ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|i
|/i/
|/i/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_u.png|15px]]
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|u
|/u/
|/u/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_'.png|15px]]
|g
|'
|g
||H|
|/ɣ/
|
|}
|}


== Morphology ==
==Verbs==


=== Verbs ===
===Phonotactic restrictions===


==== Tense/Aspect ====
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix
*<code>-a</code>
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix
*<code>-an</code>
!Tense / Aspect
===Dependency structure===
|-
 
| style="width:60px;" |None
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:40px;" |'''∅'''
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adverb
| style="width:60px;" |None
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Tense
| style="width:40px;" |'''∅'''
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Modifier
|Gnomic
! colspan="2" | Verb
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |Past
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
| rowspan="4" |'''-ga'''
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect
|None
|'''∅'''
|Past perfective
|-
|Past
|'''-ga'''
|Past retrospective, Distant past
|-
|Present
|'''-'r'''
|Past continuous
|-
|Future
|'''-is'''
|Past prospective
|-
| rowspan="4" |Present
| rowspan="4" |'''-'r'''
|None
|'''∅'''
|Present perfective
|-
|Past
|'''-ga'''
|Present retrospective, Near past
|-
|Present
|'''-'r'''
|Present continuous
|-
|Future
|'''-is'''
|Present prospective, Near future
|-
| rowspan="4" |Future
| rowspan="4" |'''-is'''
|None
|'''∅'''
|Future perfective
|-
|Past
|'''-ga'''
|Future retrospective
|-
|Present
|'''-'r'''
|Future continuous
|-
|Future
|'''-is'''
|Future prospective, Distant future
|}
|}


==== Mood ====
===Modifier===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="2" |Type
A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.
! colspan="2" |Mood
:{{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Nominative (agent)|nom|sc}} {{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Genitive|gen|sc}} home.{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}} from walk.{{abbtip|Imperfective|impv|sc}} → "I'm walking from my home"
!Use
 
|-
===Tense===
| colspan="2" |Realis
 
| style="width:100px;" |Indicative
Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.
| style="width:40px;" |'''-∅'''
|Factual statement
|-
| rowspan="10" style="width:60px;" |Irrealis
| rowspan="4" style="width:60px;" |Epistemic
|Alethic
|'''-to'''
|States truth or logical necessity
|-
|Potential
|'''-ma'''
|States probability of something happening
|-
|Deductive
|'''-he'''
|States something supported by indirect evidence
|-
|Interrogative
|'''-saa'''
|Questions the action, ''always last''
|-
| rowspan="6" |Deontic
|Desiderative
|'''-ti'''
|States internal desire for something. Want to, desire, hope, would rather
|-
|Expectative
|'''-du'''
|States external desire for something. Should, ought to, expected to, advised to
|-
|Necessitative
|'''-ka'''
|States internal necessity for something. Need to
|-
|Directive
|'''-kq'''
|States external necessity for something. Must, obligated to, had better
|-
|Capacitative
|'''-pra'''
|States internal ability to do something. Able to
|-
|Permissive
|'''-pro'''
|States external ability to do something. Allowed to
|}


=== Nouns ===
===Aspect===


==== Case ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
! colspan="2" |Case
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
!Use
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
|-
! Description
| style="width:80px;" |Nominative
| style="width:80px;" | '''-a -e -i'''
|Marks the subject, agent of a verb
|-
|-
|Absolutive
|'''Gnomic'''
| '''-q -o -u'''
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
|Marks the object, patient of a verb. Base form
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|-
|Dative
|'''Perfective'''
|'''-ql -ol -ul'''
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|-
|-
|Genitive
|'''Imperfective'''
|'''-mi'''
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
|Marks possession of or relation with something
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|-
|Instrumental
|'''Ingressive'''
|'''-ta'''
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|-
|Locative
|'''Pausative'''
|'''-ko'''
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|Marks the location or time of the action
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|-
|Comitative
|'''Resumptive'''
|'''-na'''
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|Mark accompaniment of something
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|-
|-
|Privative
|'''Egressive'''
|'''-nan'''
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|Marks the lack of company by something
|  
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|Alternative
|'''-me'''
|Marks an alternative or choice to something
|}
|}


==== Number ====
===Mood===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Number
!Use
|-
| style="width:80px;" |Singulative
| style="width:40px;" |
|Marks a single object of a mass noun
|-
|Plurative
|
|Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|}


=== Pronouns ===
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number
! colspan="4" |Case
|-
! style="width:60px;" |NOM
! style="width:60px;" |ABS
! style="width:60px;" |DAT
! style="width:60px;" |GEN
|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |First
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" |Plural
| style="width:60px;" |Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Second
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Plural
|Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Third
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plural
|
|
|
|
|}


=== Determiners ===
==Nouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Type
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative
! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" |Interrogative
|-
! style="width:80px;" |Proximal
! style="width:80px;" |Medial
! style="width:80px;" |Distal
|-
|Object
|
|
|
|
|-
|Quality Amount
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Manner
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Reason
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Location
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Time
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|}


==== Quantifiers ====
===Phonotactic restrictions===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
! colspan="2" |Type
!Use
|-
| style="width:100px;" |Universal
| style="width:80px;" |
|Every option
|-
| rowspan="6" |Existential
|
|Large amount of
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|Pair of
|-
|Negatory
|
|No option
|-
|Elective
|
|Any option
|-
|Alternative
|
|A different option
|}


=== Adpositions ===
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
===Noun classes===
! colspan="2" |Type
!
!Use
|-
| rowspan="16" style="width:80px;" |Spatial
| rowspan="7" style="width:80px;" |Location
| style="width:80px;" |
|Above, on the surface
|-
|
|Below
|-
|
|In front of
|-
|
|Behind
|-
|
|Near
|-
|
|Between, amongst
|-
|
|Inside
|-
| rowspan="9" |Movement
|
|Over, across the surface
|-
|
|Under
|-
|
|By, near
|-
|
|Through
|-
|
|To (direction)
|-
|
|To (destination)
|-
|
|From (origin)
|-
|
|Into
|-
|
|Out from
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Temporal
|
|Since
|-
|
|Before
|-
|
|During
|-
|
|After
|-
|
|Until
|-
| colspan="2" |Composition
|
|Of
|-
| colspan="2" |Purpose
|
|In order to
|-
| colspan="2" |Cause
|
|Because of
|-
| colspan="2" |Reference
|
|About


|}
'''Gender'''
*Masculine
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
*Feminine
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
*Neuter
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>


=== '''Particles''' ===
'''Strength'''
*Weak
*:The word ends in a vowel
*Strong
*:The word ends in a consonant


=== Numerals ===
===Dependency structure===
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Single digit numbers'''
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Genitive
! style="width:30px;" |0
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Determiner
! style="width:30px;" |1
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Quantifier
! style="width:30px;" |2
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adjective
! style="width:30px;" |3
! colspan="3" | Noun
! style="width:30px;" |4
|-
|0
|1
|2
|3
|4
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
|-
|A
|B
|C
|D
|E
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
|-
|F
|G
|H
|J
|K
|-
|-
|
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case
|
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number
|
|
|}
|}


===Case===


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Multiple digit numbers'''
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
! style="width:40px;" |x400
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
! style="width:40px;" |x20
!colspan="3"|Declension
! style="width:40px;" |x1
!rowspan="2"|Description
! style="width:40px;" |Total
|-
|-
|
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
|'''2'''
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
|'''E'''
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
| rowspan="3" |34
|-
|-
|
| '''Nominative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
|
|  
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
|-
|-
|
| '''Absolutive'''
|''40''
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
|''14''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
|-
|
| '''Dative'''
|'''C'''
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|'''4'''
|
| rowspan="3" |244
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
|
| '''Genitive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|
|  
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
|-
|
| '''Locative'''
|''240''
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|''4''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
|-
|'''5'''
| '''Instrumental'''
|'''J'''
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|'''7'''
|  
| rowspan="3" |2367
|  
|-
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|
|
|-
|''2000''
|''360''
|''7''
|}
|}
=== Derivation ===


==== Affixation patterns ====
===Number===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+
! colspan="6" |Verbs
|-
! colspan="3" |Conversion
!Pattern
!Changes
!Example
|-
|Root
|→
|Verb
|Verbalization
|<nowiki>-qn -on -un</nowiki>
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Opposite
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Causative
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Complementary
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Nouns
|-
|Root
|→
|Noun
|Nominalization
|<nowiki>-∅, -r, -l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Place of...
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adjectives
|-
|Root
|→
|Adjective
|Adjectivalization
|<nowiki>-s</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Opposite
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adverbs
|-
|Root
|→
|Adverb
|Adverbalization
|<nowiki>-s'r, -s'l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Opposite
|
|
|}


==== Compounding patterns ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
!Pattern
! Suffix
!Construction
! style="width:200px" | Description
!Example
! style="width:100px" | English
|-
|HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER
| rowspan="6" |HEAD + MODIFIER
|
|-
|-
|HEAD originated from MODIFIER
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
|
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
|-
|-
|HEAD made of MODIFIER
| '''Plural'''
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
|-
|-
|HEAD benefitting MODIFIER
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
|
| '''Singulative'''
|
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single unit of the instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
|-
|-
|Do HEAD to MODIFIER
| '''Mass'''
|
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
|-
|-
|Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER
| '''Plurative'''
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
|}
|}


== Syntax ==
==Syntax==
 
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure
 
{{red|verbs}} - {{green|subject}} - {{blue|object}} - {{gold|ind. object}} - others
 
=== Word order ===
 
*'''Verb'''
**Adverb
 
:* Preposition
:* Determiner
* '''Noun'''
** Adjective
** Quantifier
** Numeral
** Genitive
 
=== Default sentence structure ===
 
* Verb
* Subject
* Object
* Indirect object
* Oblique argument
** Time
** Manner
** Place
 
=== Interrogative constructions ===
 
==== Choice questions ====
 
*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} coffee={{sc|alt}} tea={{sc|alt}}
 
:Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
 
:*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
::I want tea
 
:*{{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
::Tea
 
==== Semi-polar questions ====
 
*{{red|eat-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|steak-{{sc|abs}}}} burger={{sc|alt}}
 
:Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?
 
==== Polar questions ====
 
*{{red|come-{{sc|pst-q}}}} {{green|friend.{{sc|nom}}}} 2s.{{sc|gen}} friday.{{sc|loc}} last
 
:Did your friend came last Friday?
 
==== Non-polar questions ====
 
*{{red|be-{{sc|q}}}} {{green|how_much that river-{{sc|nom}} wide}}
 
:How wide is that river?
 
=== Relative Constructions ===
 
==== Subject ====
 
*{{red|be}} {{green|[come-{{sc|pst}} late guy-{{sc|nom}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|cousin.{{sc|abs}}}} 1s.{{sc|gen}}
 
:The [he came late] guy is my cousin
 
==== Direct object ====
 
*{{red|give-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|1s-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|rose-{{sc|abs}}}} {{gold|[see-{{sc|pst}} kate-{{sc|nom}} girl-{{sc|abs}}]-{{sc|dat}}}}
 
:I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl
 
==== Indirect object ====
 
*{{red|know}} {{green|john-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|[write-{{sc|pst}} 1s-{{sc|nom}} letter-{{sc|abs}} woman-{{sc|dat}}]-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
:John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman
 
==== Genitive ====
 
*{{red|tell-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|[die-{{sc|pst}} father-{{sc|nom}} boy-{{sc|gen}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|1s-{{sc|abs}}}}


:The [his father died] boy told me something
;Passive
:Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb


=== Passive constructions ===
;Anti-Passive
:Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb


*{{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}} → {{red|eat}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}}
;Standard
:Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


:Mary eats pie → Pie is eaten
;Involuntary action
:Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


=== Anti-passive constructions ===
;Assisted action
:Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb


*{{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}} → {{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}}
;Interrogative
:Verb + ... + (Oblique)


:Mary eats pie → Mary eats
==Muna Versions==
[[Category:Conlangs]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
[[Category:Languages]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
[[Category:A_priori]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''
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