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: {{distinguish|text=[[w:Hadza language|Hadza language]]}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Hantza
|name          = Hantza
|nativename    = Hantza
|pronunciation  = ˈhant͡sa
|pronunciation  = /ˈhant͡sa/
|states         = [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
|states (state) = TBA
|setting        = [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]]
|region        = TBA
|ethnicity      = [[/Ethnology|Hantza]]
|ethnicity      = TBA
|creator        = User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán
|speakers      = L1
|speakers      = 161,000
|date          = TBA
|date          = 2010
|speakers2      = L2
|familycolor    = Language isolate
|familycolor    = Khoisan
|dia1          = Karakum
|fam1           = [[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]]
|dia2           = Balkan
|dia1           = [[/Dialects|Common dialect]]
|dia3           = Qarshi
|stand1        = [[/Standard|Standard Hantza]]
|dia4          = Afghan
|script        = [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]] ([[w:Latin script|Latin script]])
|scripts        = * [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]] ([[w:Latin script|Latin script]])
|nation        = TBA
|minority      = TBA
|agency        = [[/Language Council|Hantza Language Council]]
|notice        = IPA
|notice        = IPA
}}
}}


'''Hantza''' is pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/ (phonetically [ˈħ̝änt͡sɐ]) and may be Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/.
'''Hantza''' is (pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/, phonetically [ˈx̟änt͡sɐ] and is Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/) is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] by more than 160,00 people. The language is used vigorously and enthusiastically by its speakers and is passed on to child who are often monolingual. Adults may also speak [[w:Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[w:Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] or [[w:Dari language (Persian dialect)|Dari]]. The language is not known to be related to any other extant language and is therefore categorised as an isolate. It is spoken predominantly in [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] (91,000 speakers), but also in [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] (43,000) and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] (27,000).


I have yet to even begin to imagine the world that this language belongs to. However, as it is 99% of the time with me, it will most likely be a modified version of the real world, not an ''a priori'' fantasy world.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 600px; "
! colspan="1" style=" text-align: center;"|''Map of the distribution of Hantza''
|-
|[[File:Hantza distribution.png|600px]]
|}
 
The areas marked in red on the map above represent the approximate regions in which Hantza is spoken.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
:''Main article: [[/Phonology|Hantza phonology]]''
:''See also: [[IPA for Hantza]] and [[/Phonology|Hantza phonology]]''


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|  
|  
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In Hantza, /s/ is typically realised as the retracted [s̠] and, for many speakers, it is realised as [ɕ] before /i/. Similarly, /ts/ may become [tɕ] before /i/.
The glottal fricative /h/ is realised differently depending on the vowel that follows it. These allophones are given in the table below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 264px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Before /a/
! style="width: 66px; " |Before /e, i
! style="width: 66px; " |Before /o, u/
|-
! Intervocalic
| [ɦ̝]
| [ç]
| [ɦ̝ʷ]
|-
! Word-final
| colspan="3"| [x ~ χ]
|-
! Elsewhere
| [ħ̝]
| [ç]
| [ħ̝ʷ]
|-
|}
The single rhotic in Hantza /r/ also has a great many realisations but these differ according to dialect: [ɾ ~ ɹ ~ r ~ ʀ ~ ʁ ~ χ ~ x]. It is also often labialised before /o, u/.
The lateral /l/ is realised as a dark [ɫ] when followed by /k, h/ and as a clear [l] elsewhere.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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With the exception of /a/, vowels do not undergo reduction when unstressed; /a/ is phonetically [ä] when stressed and [ɐ] when unstressed. The remaining four vowels /i, u, e, o/ are usually realised as [ɪ, ʉ, ɛ, ɔ].
==Orthography==
:''Main article: [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]]''


==Orthography==
With the exception of those listed below, all consonant and vowel phonemes are represented orthographically as in IPA.
With the exception of those listed below, all consonant and vowel phonemes are represented orthographically as in IPA.


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*The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C)
*The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C)
*Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed
*Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed
*Permitted word-initial clusters: any plosive + /j, w, r, l/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/
*Permitted word-initial clusters: /p, b, t, d, k/ + /j, w/, /p, t, k/ + /r/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/
*Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, t, d, k, ʔ, s, h, ts, r, l/
*Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, ʔ, s, ts, r, l/
*Word-final clusters: none allowed
*Word-final clusters: none allowed
*Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed
*Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed
*Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted
*Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted
*/ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally
*/ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally, but not inter-vocalically, and is most common word-finally


==Morphological and phonological processes==
==Morphophonological processes==
*Reduplication
*Reduplication
*Assimilation
*Elision
*Epenthesis
*Lenition
*Metathesis
*Metathesis
*Sandhi
*Assimilation/dissimilation
*Elision/epenthesis
*Lenition/fortition
 
Common processes:
*''-tit-'' > ''-tz-''
*''biy-'' + ''i-'' > ''bi-''
*''-`'' > ''-k-'' when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel
*''o-'', ''u-'' > ''w-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel
*''e-'', ''i-'' > ''y-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel
*''a-'' > ''h-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel
*Metathesis of ''P''+ ''NV'' > ''NPV'', e.g. reporatative + negative: ''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò''
*Across vocalic word boundaries the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ may be introduced


==Prosody==
==Prosody==
:''Main article: [[/Prosody|Hantza prosody]]''
===Stress===
===Stress===
As with Czech and Hungarian, the primary stress of a word falls on its first syllable. Secondary normally falls on the first closed syllable thereafter or, failing that, the third syllable of a word. Evidently in disyllabic word the secondary stress is placed on the second syllable.
The primary stress of a word falls on the penultimate syllable of the root. Secondary normally falls on the preceding syllable. In disyllabic words the secondary stress is necessarily on the second syllable.


Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography.
Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography.
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*Default word order: VSO
*Default word order: VSO
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite))
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite))
*Topic-comment/thème-rhème & focus
*Head-marking
*Head-marking
*Topic-comment/thème-rhème & focus
*How are adjectives got rid of?
*Infixes?
*Infixes?


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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Pronouns act identically to common nouns
:''Main article: [[/Nouns|Hantza nouns]]''


Nouns are not marked for case
The category of "noun" (more properly "nominal") in Hantza encompasses what are thought of in English as nouns, attributive adjectives, pronouns and numerals. What correspond to adjectives in English are essentially nouns used in apposition.
 
Nouns are not marked for case and it is usually only animate nouns that are inflected for plurality. However, nouns are inflected for possession by prefixing. Indeed, in some cases this is mandatory (see [[/Nouns#Possession|possession]]).
 
Some nouns are in fact verb phrases that have been nominalised by way of an enclitic.
 
Infixes are sometimes used to derive adjective-like nouns from noun-like nouns, e.g. "sandy" from "sand".


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verb paradigm is prefixing
:''Main article: [[/Verbs|Hantza verbs]]''
 
The term "verb" in Hantza also includes predicative adjectives. Predicative adjectives are essentially verbalised nouns.
 
The verb paradigm is Hantza is heavily prefixing; these prefixes come in a strict order. Hantza verbs exhibit [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], as such they are conjugated for subject, direct object and indirect object. As a result Hantza is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. Only the grammatical persons that are used with animate nouns distinguish plural from singular.
 
Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation is termed called "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen modes.
 
Hantza is extremely fastidious regarding the transitivity and valency of a verb and its required prefixes.


Hantza modes combine tense, aspect and mood:
The mediopassive voice is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem.
*Imperfective (unmarked)
*Iterative
*Delimitative
*Perfective
*Retrospective
*Future
*Inchoative
*Cessative
*Irrealis
*Optative
*Cohortative
*Imperative
*Jussive


Fastidious with transitivity and valency
Negativity and evidentiality are marked on the verb by suffixes.


Hantza verbs mark for subject, direct object and indirect object:
===Particles===
*1sg
:''Main article: [[/Particles|Hantza particles]]''
*2sg
*3sg/pl animate
*3sg/pl inanimate
*4sg/pl aka obviative
*indefinite
*reflexive
*reciprocal


Hantza is pro-drop
Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles".


There is a mediopassive voice
There is a three-way distance distinction in Hantza demonstratives: proximal, distal and obviative.


Evidentiality is marked on the verb
No indefinite article; invariable definite article: ''do''.


Verb phrases can be nominalised
==Syntax and discourse==
:''Main article: [[/Syntax|Hantza syntax]]''


===Particles===
*Animacy and agency
Adverbs, postpositions, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles".
*Definiteness
*Focus and topic (thème/rhème)
*Relative clauses
*Subordination and coordination
*Discourse particles
 
===Word order===
*Default word order: VSO
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite)?, old news after the verb (often indefinite)?)
 
===Deixis===
Anaphora, cataphora and deixis.
 
The obviative is used to discuss something that is either not present or not at the centre of the discourse.
 
==Derivational morphology==
:''Main article: [[/Derivational morphology|Hantza derivational morphology]]''
 
==Lexicon==
*[[Hantza/Swadesh|Swadesh list]]
<!--
*Kinship
*Weather
*Date, time and age
*Colour terms
*Orientation
*Flora and fauna
*Idioms and proverbs
**English: How do you take your tea? Literally: How do you mix it?
*Onomasticon
-->
==Example texts==
Short examples and sentences:
*[[Hantza/Test Case Sentences|Test Case Sentences]]
<!--
*John McWhorter
Longer texts in translation:
*Aesop's Fables: http://www.aesopfables.com/aesopsel.html
*The Lord's Prayer
*The Tower of Babel
*The Story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears
*The Tale of Peter Rabbit
*The Donkey Beater
*Marx on religion
Original texts:
*Literature
*Politics
-->
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]]
{{Hantza}}
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