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: | : {{distinguish|text=[[w:Hadza language|Hadza language]]}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Hantza | |name = Hantza | ||
|pronunciation = ˈhant͡sa | |||
|pronunciation = | |states = [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] | ||
|states | |setting = [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] | ||
| | |ethnicity = [[/Ethnology|Hantza]] | ||
|ethnicity = | |creator = User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = 161,000 | ||
|date = | |date = 2010 | ||
| | |familycolor = Language isolate | ||
| | |dia1 = Karakum | ||
| | |dia2 = Balkan | ||
| | |dia3 = Qarshi | ||
| | |dia4 = Afghan | ||
| | |scripts = * [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]] ([[w:Latin script|Latin script]]) | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Hantza''' is pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/ | '''Hantza''' is (pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/, phonetically [ˈx̟änt͡sɐ] and is Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/) is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] by more than 160,00 people. The language is used vigorously and enthusiastically by its speakers and is passed on to child who are often monolingual. Adults may also speak [[w:Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[w:Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] or [[w:Dari language (Persian dialect)|Dari]]. The language is not known to be related to any other extant language and is therefore categorised as an isolate. It is spoken predominantly in [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] (91,000 speakers), but also in [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] (43,000) and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] (27,000). | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 600px; " | |||
! colspan="1" style=" text-align: center;"|''Map of the distribution of Hantza'' | |||
|- | |||
|[[File:Hantza distribution.png|600px]] | |||
|} | |||
The areas marked in red on the map above represent the approximate regions in which Hantza is spoken. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
:'' | :''See also: [[IPA for Hantza]] and [[/Phonology|Hantza phonology]]'' | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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| colspan="2"| a | | colspan="2"| a | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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*The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C) | *The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C) | ||
*Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed | *Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed | ||
*Permitted word-initial clusters: | *Permitted word-initial clusters: /p, b, t, d, k/ + /j, w/, /p, t, k/ + /r/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/ | ||
*Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, t, d, k, ʔ, s | *Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, ʔ, s, ts, r, l/ | ||
*Word-final clusters: none allowed | *Word-final clusters: none allowed | ||
*Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed | *Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed | ||
*Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted | *Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted | ||
*/ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally | */ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally, but not inter-vocalically, and is most common word-finally | ||
== | ==Morphophonological processes== | ||
*Reduplication | *Reduplication | ||
*Metathesis | *Metathesis | ||
* | *Assimilation/dissimilation | ||
*Elision/epenthesis | |||
*Lenition/fortition | |||
Common processes: | Common processes: | ||
*''-tit-'' > ''-tz-'' | *''-tit-'' > ''-tz-'' | ||
*''biy-'' + ''i-'' > ''bi-'' | |||
*''-`'' > ''-k-'' when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel | *''-`'' > ''-k-'' when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel | ||
*''o-'', ''u-'' > ''w-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel | *''o-'', ''u-'' > ''w-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel | ||
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*''a-'' > ''h-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel | *''a-'' > ''h-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel | ||
*Metathesis of ''P''+ ''NV'' > ''NPV'', e.g. reporatative + negative: ''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò'' | *Metathesis of ''P''+ ''NV'' > ''NPV'', e.g. reporatative + negative: ''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò'' | ||
*Across vocalic word boundaries the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ may be introduced | |||
==Prosody== | ==Prosody== | ||
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===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
The primary stress of a word falls on the penultimate syllable of the root. Secondary normally falls on the preceding syllable. In disyllabic words the secondary stress is necessarily on the second syllable. | |||
Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography. | Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography. | ||
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The mediopassive voice is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem. | The mediopassive voice is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem. | ||
Negativity and evidentiality are marked on the verb by | Negativity and evidentiality are marked on the verb by suffixes. | ||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
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Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles". | Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles". | ||
==Syntax== | There is a three-way distance distinction in Hantza demonstratives: proximal, distal and obviative. | ||
No indefinite article; invariable definite article: ''do''. | |||
==Syntax and discourse== | |||
:''Main article: [[/Syntax|Hantza syntax]]'' | :''Main article: [[/Syntax|Hantza syntax]]'' | ||
*Animacy and agency | |||
*Definiteness | |||
*Focus and topic (thème/rhème) | |||
*Relative clauses | |||
*Subordination and coordination | |||
*Discourse particles | |||
===Word order=== | ===Word order=== | ||
*Default word order: VSO | *Default word order: VSO | ||
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite)) | *Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite)?, old news after the verb (often indefinite)?) | ||
=== | ===Deixis=== | ||
Anaphora, cataphora and deixis. | |||
The obviative is used to discuss something that is either not present or not at the centre of the discourse. | |||
==Derivational morphology== | ==Derivational morphology== | ||
:''Main article: [[/Derivational morphology| | :''Main article: [[/Derivational morphology|Hantza derivational morphology]]'' | ||
==Lexicon== | |||
*[[Hantza/Swadesh|Swadesh list]] | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*Kinship | |||
*Kinship | |||
*Weather | *Weather | ||
*Date, time and age | *Date, time and age | ||
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*Flora and fauna | *Flora and fauna | ||
*Idioms and proverbs | *Idioms and proverbs | ||
**English: How do you take your tea? Literally: How do you mix it? | |||
*Onomasticon | *Onomasticon | ||
--> | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
*Test Case Sentences | Short examples and sentences: | ||
*[[Hantza/Test Case Sentences|Test Case Sentences]] | |||
<!-- | |||
*John McWhorter | *John McWhorter | ||
Longer texts in translation: | |||
*Aesop's Fables: http://www.aesopfables.com/aesopsel.html | *Aesop's Fables: http://www.aesopfables.com/aesopsel.html | ||
*The Lord's Prayer | *The Lord's Prayer | ||
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*The Donkey Beater | *The Donkey Beater | ||
*Marx on religion | *Marx on religion | ||
Original texts: | |||
*Literature | |||
*Politics | |||
--> | --> | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]] | ||
{{ | {{Hantza}} | ||