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Peshpeg: Difference between revisions
→Case and Number
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>The -in allomorph of the Class III suffix is favoured when the preceding phoneme is a palatalized consonant. | <nowiki>*</nowiki>The -in allomorph of the Class III suffix is favoured when the preceding phoneme is a palatalized consonant. | ||
<br/><sup>†</sup>Not the expected ''-rinlak/-rünlak'' | <br/><sup>†</sup>Not the expected ''-rinlak/-rünlak'' | ||
In intransitive clauses, the nominative case of Class I nouns and absolutive case of Class II nouns, are indistinguishable: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Kodzorin iru daltashi. | |||
| IPA = 'kodzoɾɪn ɪɾ'u dal'taʃi | |||
| morphemes = kodzorin-∅ i-ru-∅ daltashi | |||
| gloss = hammer_PN.CL1.S-NOM PST-go-CL1.S alone | |||
| translation = Kodzorin went unaccompanied. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Torzha irumvi daltashi. | |||
| IPA = | |||
| morphemes = torzha-∅ i-ru-mvi daltashi | |||
| gloss = girl.CL2.S.ABS PST-go-CL2.S alone | |||
| translation = The girl went unaccompanied. | |||
}} | |||
Peshpeg is among the languages that use the conjunction "and" to express comitative and/or instrumental relations, hence ''dorün'' is also used as a coordinating conjunction, "and": | Peshpeg is among the languages that use the conjunction "and" to express comitative and/or instrumental relations, hence ''dorün'' is also used as a coordinating conjunction, "and": | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The verb employs Class I singular marking, ''iru-<u> | The verb employs Class I singular marking, ''iru-<u>∅</u>'', which disambiguates the meaning and function of ''dorün'', which here can only mean "with". Had the meaning "and" been intended, the verb would require plural marking, i.e. ''iru-<u>ti</u>''. | ||
Plurality is marked on Class I and II nouns with a suffix beginning with nasal, ''-m-'' for Class I nouns, and ''-n-'' for Class II nouns, e.g: | |||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Peshpegmu torzhana humbiri jorlu | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = peshpeg-mu torzha-na humbi-ri jorlu. | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = human.CL1-NOM.PL woman.CL2-ABS.PL AUX.CL1.P-PST hit | ||
| translation = | | translation = The men struck the women. | ||
}} | }} | ||
Number marking in Class III nouns is neutralized, e.g: | |||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Tazhin abimon kor vendakrin dezhak gambi. | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = tazh-rin abi=mon kor vendan-rin dezhak gambi | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = obedience-CL3 all=CONN virtue-CL3 supercede AUX.CLS3.PRS | ||
| translation = | | translation = Obedience outweighs all (other) virtues. | ||
}} | }} | ||
The split ergativity of the language can appear in the same clause. In the following example, ''torzha'', a Class II noun, requires ergative marking to indicate it is serving as the agent, whilst the argument ''Kodzorin'', a Class I noun, requires the accusative marker ''-jor'' to indicate its role as the patient of the sentence: | The split ergativity of the language can appear in the same clause. In the following example, ''torzha'', a Class II noun, requires ergative marking to indicate it is serving as the agent, whilst the argument ''Kodzorin'', a Class I noun, requires the accusative marker ''-jor'' to indicate its role as the patient of the sentence: | ||
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| gloss = PST-go-INF foolish AUX.CL3.S.PRS | | gloss = PST-go-INF foolish AUX.CL3.S.PRS | ||
| translation = Going there was foolish (lit. "Having gone there is foolish.") | | translation = Going there was foolish (lit. "Having gone there is foolish.") | ||
}} | }} | ||